A simple method for the multi-elemental analysis of organic fertilizer by slurry sampling and total reflection X-ray fluorescence.

To evaluate the effects of the supplementation of feed additives on carcass quality in beef cattle, 72 Nellore steers (339.5kg, 20-month old) were feedlot finished and fed for 91 days one of the following diets: 1) control with no additives; or added of 2) live yeast culture; 3) monensin; or 4) the association of both additives. After slaughter, renal, pelvic, and inguinal fat and hot carcass weights were recorded and carcass was split into muscle, bone, and trimmable fat. Carcass Longissimus muscle area and subcutaneous fat thickness at the 12th rib were measured and steaks of Longisimus muscle were taken to determine meat color, shear force, drip, and cooking losses. Yeast increased carcass dressing percentage but there were no effects on hot carcass weight, Longissimus area, subcutaneous fat thickness, percentage and weight of retail cut yield and trimmings. Feed additives had no effect on carcass pH, meat color, fat content, shear force, and drip losses. Supplementation of yeast, monensin or the association of both additives had no important effects on carcass traits and on meat quality of feedlot finished steers.

/pdf/carcass-quality-of-feedlot-finished-steers-fed-yeast-3cccumz5nd.pdf

Carcass quality of feedlot finished steers fed yeast, monensin, and the association of both additives

Objective. The potential use of palm kernel cake was evaluated as a replacement for soybean and corn meal in cattle feed, by investigating their intake, digestibility levels and the intake behaviour of cattle fed diets containing different levels of palm kernel cake concentrate. Materials and methods. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm of the Federal University of Bahia, between August and October 2009. Five crossbred Holstein × Zebu adults, were used. A 5 × 5 Latin square experimental design was used. The animals were fed Tifton-85 Bermudagrass, which made up 65% of their diet, plus one of five different levels of palm kernel cake concentrate (0, 7, 14, 21 and 28%). Results. A linear decrease in dry matter (kg/day) was observed due to the lower palatability and higher fiber content of the palm kernel cake. Neutral detergent fiber intake by the animals showed a quadratic behavior. The coefficients of fractional digestibilities of the analyzed feed, did not differ due to the inclusion of palm kernel cake. The ingestive behavior of the animals was not influenced by the inclusion of palm kernel cake in the diet. Conclusions. Palm kernel cake can be used as an alternative feed supplement in ruminant production systems to reduce feed costs without changes in the studied variables.

/pdf/intake-digestibility-and-intake-behaviour-in-cattle-fed-tk5t08on0a.pdf

Intake, digestibility and intake behaviour in cattle fed different levels of palm kernel cake

The objective was to evaluate four levels of inclusion of babassu mesocarp meal (Orbygnya spp.) in the concentrate on cattle feedlot performance. Twenty four animals (12 steers and 12 bulls) were used with age and body weight of 33 months and 332.1±24kg, respectively. Diets were isonitrogenous, composed of 44% of Mombasa grass silage and 56% of concentrate in dry matter. Corn grain of the concentrate fraction was replaced by babassu mesocarp meal at 0, 20, 40 and 60% in dry matter. The experimental design was randomized complete block, with factorial arrangement of treatments 4x2 (four levels of babassu mesocarp meal inclusion and two sexual conditions). Dry matter intake in kg day1 and percentage of body weight was not altered by the inclusion level of bran babassu mesocarp, with average values of 9.37kg day-1 and 2.54% respectively. Inclusion levels of babassu mesocarp meal did not affect daily weight gain and feed conversion the animals, with average values of 1.157kg day-1 and 8.39kg of dry matter kg-1 weight gain. Bulls had higher daily weight gain (1.259kg day-1) than steers (1.066kg day-1), reflecting a better feed conversion (7.702 and 9.094kg dry matter kg-1 weight gain, respectively). Babassu mesocarp meal, such as alternative energy source, can be fed to feedlot to the 60% level of inclusion in the concentrate, replacing corn grain.

/pdf/desempenho-em-confinamento-de-bovinos-de-corte-castrados-ou-3oytzaieqv.pdf

Desempenho em confinamento de bovinos de corte, castrados ou não, alimentados com teores crescentes de farelo do mesocarpo de babaçu

Relationships between the chemical composition of the 9th- to 11th-rib section and the chemical composition of the carcass and empty body were evaluated for Bos indicus (108 Nellore and 36 Guzerah; GuS) and tropically adapted Bos taurus (56 Caracu; CaS) bulls, averaging 20 to 24 mo of age at slaughter. Nellore cattle were represented by 56 animals from the selected herd (NeS) and 52 animals from the control herd (NeC). The CaS and GuS bulls were from selected herds. Selected herds were based on 20 yr of selection for postweaning BW. Carcass composition was obtained after grinding, homogenizing, sampling, and analyzing soft tissue and bones. Similarly, empty body composition was obtained after grinding, homogenizing, sampling, analyzing, and combining blood, hide, head + feet, viscera, and carcass. Bulls were separated into 2 groups. Group 1 was composed of 36 NeS, 36 NeC, 36 CaS, and 36 GuS bulls and had water, ether extract (EE), protein, and ash chemically determined in the 9th- to 11th-rib section and in the carcass. Group 2 was composed of 20 NeS, 16 NeC, and 20 CaS bulls and water, EE, protein, and ash were determined in the 9th- to 11th-rib section, carcass, and empty body. Linear regressions were developed between the carcass and the 9th- to 11th-rib section compositions for group 1 and between carcass and empty body compositions for group 2. The 9th- to 11th-rib section percentages of water (RWt) and EE (RF) predicted the percentages of carcass water (CWt) and carcass fat (CF) with high precision: CWt, % = 29.0806 + 0.4873 × RWt, % (r(2) = 0.813, SE = 1.06) and CF, % = 10.4037 + 0.5179 × RF, % (r(2) = 0.863, SE = 1.26), respectively. Linear regressions between percentage of CWt and CF and empty body water (EBWt) and empty body fat (EBF) were also predicted with high precision: EBWt, % = -9.6821 + 1.1626 × CWt, % (r(2) = 0.878, SE = 1.43) and EBF, % = 0.3739 + 1.0386 × CF, % (r(2) = 0.982, SE = 0.65), respectively. Chemical composition of the 9th- to 11th-rib section precisely estimated carcass percentages of water and EE. These regressions can accurately predict carcass and empty body compositions for Nellore, Guzerah, and Caracu breeds.

Chemical composition of whole body and carcass of Bos indicus and tropically adapted Bos taurus breeds.

The effects of starch or neutral detergent soluble fiber associated with two dietary levels of NDF on performance of finishing feedlot beef steers were evaluated in this trial. Twenty-four crossbred ½ Angus x ½ Nellore steers averaging 18 months of age and 329 ± 24 kg of body weight at the beginning of the trial were used. All four diets were balanced to supply the crude protein requirements for a daily weight gain of approximately 1.4 kg. Diets were composed (dry matter basis) by 40% of corn silage and 60% of concentrate containing corn grain, citrus pulp, soybean hulls, salt, and urea. Animals fed the diet containing high soluble fiber and low NDF content had the lowest dry matter intake (DMI), which compromised weight gain and feed conversion. This decrease in DMI can be explained by the greater level of citrus pulp (45%) compared to the other three diets. Between diets with higher NDF levels, that with soluble fiber resulted in greater daily weight gain (1.435 vs. 1.262 kg) and better feed conversion ratio (7.494 vs. 8.651) than the diet with starch. However, no significant difference was observed between the diet with high NDF and soluble fiber compared to that with low NDF and starch for these same variables. In conclusion, animal performance can be improved by changing the source and content of dietary soluble carbohydrates.

/pdf/fibra-soluvel-e-amido-como-fontes-de-carboidratos-para-h97qew3fsq.pdf

Fibra solúvel e amido como fontes de carboidratos para terminação de novilhos em confinamento

The objective of this trial was to study the partial replacement of ground corn with soybean hulls or corn germ meal in diets containing sunflower meal and urea as nitrogen sources and corn silage as forage for confined Nellore steers. Twenty-one steers averaging 25 months of age and 343 kg of initial body weight were assigned to diets containing a forage:concentrate ratio of 60:40. The period for measurements of intake and weight gain lasted 97 days. No significant differences were observed for intakes of dry matter (10.78, 9.73, and 10.62 kg/day), crude protein (1.40, 1.22, and 1.41 kg/day), and neutral detergent fiber (3.41, 3.89, and 3.60 kg/day), respectively, for diets containing ground corn, soybean hulls, and corn germ meal. However, intake of acid detergent fiber was highest (0.71% BW) for steers consuming the diet that soybean hulls replaced 70% of ground corn. Weight gain did not differ averaging 1.35, 1.29, and 1.32 kg/day feeding ground corn, soybean seed hulls, and corn germ meal, respectively. In addition, no significant differences were observed for feed conversion (7.88 kg of DMI/kg of weight gain), feed efficiency (0.12 weight gain/kg of DMI), and carcass dressing (54.52%) across treatments. It can be concluded that soybean hulls and corn germ meal can partially replace ground corn in diets for confined steers because both production and carcass dressing were maintained.

/pdf/desempenho-de-novilhos-nelore-alimentados-com-casca-de-soja-28ai4exwt3.pdf

Desempenho de novilhos Nelore alimentados com casca de soja ou farelo de gérmen de milho em substituição parcial ao milho moído

The aim was to evaluate the indigestible neutral detergent fiber (NDFi) and indigestible acid detergent fiber (ADFi) as internal markers to estimate the digestibilities of feedlot beef cattle diets with grounded corn, soybean hulls or corn germ meal. Twenty seven Nellore steers were confined and distributed in three different treatments with grounded corn, soybean hulls or corn germ meal. The NDFi and ADFi percent were quantified after 144h of in vitro incubation of ingredients, earts and faecal samples. The markers intake did not differ when the byproducts soybean hulls and corn germ meal replace partially the grounded corn, probably due to the digestive similarity between that feeds. The means of dry matter (59.9 vs 59.8%), crude protein (54.4 vs 54.3%), neutral detergent fiber (52.2 vs 51.8%) and acid detergent fiber (40.4 vs 40.9%) digestibilities estimated by NDFi and ADFi were similar, respectively, without any relation with the ingredients used. It was concluded that the NDFi and ADFi provided similar digestibility coefficients in diets with 40% of concentrate, even though the introduction of ingredients rich in fiber in partial substitution of grounded corn.

Indicadores internos indigestíveis para a estimativa das digestibilidades de dietas à base de coprodutos

The objective of this trial was to develop simple regression equations for estimating the chemical body composition of Nellore steers by using the chemical composition of the 9-10-11th ribs cut. Twenty-seven feedlot Nellore steers varying from 338.0 to 503.6 kg of BW and from 21 to 31 months of age were used. Six reference animals were slaughtered at the beginning of the trial to estimate the initial chemical body composition. Contents of water, protein, EE, and ash of the 9-10-11th ribs cut and body tissues were determined. Regression equations for estimating empty body weight (EBW) through measurements of BW and hot carcass weight (HCW) were: EBW = 0.8726 LW - 2.7399 and EBW = 1.5350 HCW + 13.598. The high R2 values (0.98) in both equations indicated that the EBW of Nellore steers can be predicted by using BW and HCW. The gain of 1.0 kg of EBW corresponded to approximately 1.15 kg of BW. Water content of empty body (EB) was highly correlated with water (R2 = 0.98) and EE (R2 = 0.91) contents of the ribs cut; the equation based on the percentage of water in the ribs cut had the best fit (Sx, y = 0.46). Because the percentage of EB EE was highly correlated (R2 = 0.95) with that of the ribs cut, the equation %EB EE = 0.9662% ribs EE + 1.5294 may be used for estimating EE content of EB. The same was true for ash, which can be estimated by the equation %EB ash = 0.5915% ribs ash + 0.7619 (R2 = 0.88). It was concluded that the percentage of water, EE, and ash in the 9-10-11th ribs cut accurately estimated the EB composition of feedlot Nellore steers.

https://www.rbz.org.br/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/1516-3598-rbz-S1516-35982007000200027/1516-3598-rbz-S1516-35982007000200027.pdf

Equações de predição da composição química corporal a partir do corte da 9-10-11ª costelas de bovinos castrados Nelore

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Fibra solúvel e amido como fontes de carboidratos para terminação de novilhos em confinamento

Desempenho de novilhos Nelore alimentados com casca de soja ou farelo de gérmen de milho em substituição parcial ao milho moído

Indicadores internos indigestíveis para a estimativa das digestibilidades de dietas à base de coprodutos

Equações de predição da composição química corporal a partir do corte da 9-10-11ª costelas de bovinos castrados Nelore