This paper provides a comprehensive review of the major concepts associated with the μgrid, such as constant power load (CPL), incremental negative resistance or impedance (INR/I) and its dynamic behaviours on the μgrid, and power system distribution (PSD). In general, a μgrid is defined as a cluster of different types of electrical loads and renewable energy sources (distributed generations) under a unified controller within a certain local area. It is considered a perfect solution to integrate renewable energy sources with loads as well as with a traditional grid. In addition, it can operate with a conventional grid, for example, by energy sourcing or a controllable load, or it can operate alone as an islanding mode to feed required electric energy to a grid. Hence, one of the important issues regarding the μgrid is the constant power load that results from the tightly designed control when it is applied to power electronic converters. The effect of CPL is incremental negative resistance that impacts the power quality of a power system and makes it at negative damping. Also, in this paper, a comprehensive study on major control and compensation techniques for μgrid has been included to face the instability effects of constant power loads. Finally, the merits and limitations of the compensation techniques are discussed.

Constant power loads (CPL) with microgrids: problem definition, stability analysis and compensation techniques

Power electronics based power distribution systems are becoming increasingly common, particularly in marine and aerospace applications. Stability analysis of this class of systems is crucial due to the potential for negative impedance instability. Existing techniques of stability analysis introduce artificial conservativeness, are sensitive to component grouping, and at the same time do not explicitly address uncertainties and variations in operating point. Recently, a new stability criterion which reduces artificial conservativeness and is also insensitive to component grouping has been set forth along with a means of readily establishing design specifications from an arbitrary stability criterion which specifically includes a provision to incorporate uncertainty, parameter variation, and nonlinearities. Therein, the method is used to develop a load admittance constraint based on a generalized source impedance. In this paper, that work is further explained and the converse problem, that of generating a constraint on the source impedance from the load admittance, is also illustrated.

Three-dimensional stability analysis of DC power electronics based systems

This paper describes the design and prototype construction of a novel solid state transformer. Replacing distribution transformers with solid state devices provides control over the waveshapes and output voltage and can therefore mitigate many power quality problems. A 10 kVA prototype was constructed to transform 7200 V single phase to 240/120 V and has been tested to one-half design voltage.

Application of power electronics to the distribution transformer

This paper presents a modified small-signal model of a voltage source inverter (VSI) and a voltage source converter (VSC) that captures model nonlinearities such as deadtime and modulation effects that were not presented in the literature. Previous research has concentrated on developing compensation methods for these types of phenomena in a switching model, but very little on predicting them. In this paper, the small-signal model of the VSI in literature is used, and the different phenomena are then incorporated into the model to get a complete one. In addition, the effect of voltage and current feedback control is also analyzed. The output impedance of the VSI is derived with the modified small-signal model, compared to the conventional one and validated with switching model and experimental results.

Small-Signal Model of Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) and Voltage Source Converter (VSC) Considering the DeadTime Effect and Space Vector Modulation Types

This paper presents a modified small-signal model of a voltage source inverter (VSI) that captures model nonlinearities such as dead time and modulation effects that were not presented in the literature. Previous research has concentrated on developing compensation methods for these types of phenomena in a switching model, but none actually derived an analytical model that can predict them. In this paper, the small-signal model of the VSI in literature is used, and the different phenomena are then incorporated into the model to get a complete one. In addition, the output impedance of the VSI is derived with the modified small-signal model, compared to the conventional one and validated with switching model and experimental results.

Small-signal model of a voltage source inverter (VSI) considering the dead-time effect and space vector modulation types

Stability Analysis of AC Power Systems with Regulated Electronic Loads

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Stability Analysis of AC Power Systems with Regulated Electronic Loads