This review treats mainly the initial transformation of the starting unoriented lamellar material into the final oriented microfibrillar structure and its drawing. If the starting material has partially oriented shish-kebab structure the drawing is a combination of transformation of lamellae into the microfibrils and the drawing of microfibrils. The review article is based on the literature from the last ten years and relys heavily on recent reviewing [1–3]. Older articles are only included if they have contributed to the basic ideas and experiments of drawing.

Drawing and extrusion of semi-crystalline polymers

Since the pioneering work of Carothers which led to the introduction of strong nylon fibers by DuPont in the 1930s, polymer scientists have pursued the development of high-performance fibers to replace natural or metallic products, both to improve mechanical properties and to reduce weight. That development was relatively slow and evenly paced until DuPont again revolutionized the field with the release of Kevlar™, an aromatic polyamide with unprecedented mechanical properties. Since then, the field has literally boomed with new developments, and now organic fibers are available with properties that compete with the best inorganics and are far superior to metal fibers.Strong motivation for the invention of new organic fibers comes from the aerospace industry, which seeks fibers to use in reinforced composite structural materials. Composites bring new advances in stiffness (airplane wings can't bend too much!) in weight savings (every kilogram saved in the structure of an airplane saves 10,000), and in radically new ideas, such as radar-invisibility (stealth)5 and mission-adaptive wings (in-flight variable-shape wings). Hence, for a variety of specialty applications, otherwise commercially indefensible materials become viable.It may be somewhat counter intuitive to materials scientists unfamiliar with polymers to expect polymer mechanical properties to be greater than in the best metals. The origin of high strength and stiffness in a polymer fiber is the covalent bond, especially when aligned in an ordered array of long chain molecules.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0883769400066707

High-Performance Polymer Fibers

This paper surveys some of the recent research into the microwave processing of polymers. The mechanism of coupling of the radiation with polymers is described and a historical perspective is presented on the development of this technology from the 1960’s when the processing of rubber was first initiated, to current research in high performance materials and composites. The controversial area of microwave effects on processing is also discussed.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S1946427400506125

Microwave Processing of Polymers - An Overview

The tensile drawing behavior of poly(L ‐lactide) has been studied in order to obtain high strength fibers Elongational viscosity measurements indicated that the hot drawing can take place in two temperature regions with different activation energies Up to 180°C, the deformation proceeds in the semicrystalline state of the polymer having an activation energy of 15–28 kJ/mol, presumably by shear deformation In the range of 180–190°C, the deformation proceeds in the liquid state of the polymer having an activation energy of 145–165 kJ/mol, leading to a semicrystalline state by strain hardening after displacement of topological defects By using high deformation rates during drawing in a temperature gradient (tube drawing), the deformation will principally proceed in the semicrystalline region and inhomogeneous draw will take place leading to inferior fiber properties, unless the deformation rate and drawing temperature are strictly adjusted Homogeneous drawing can be achieved by applying low deformation rates so that the deformation may take place in the liquid state of the polymer in which individual chains can be easily aligned and topological defects can be removed Poly(L ‐lactide) fibers with tensile strengths of 23 GPa have been produced in this way

Study on the drawing behavior of poly(l-lactide) to obtain high-strength fibers

Mechanical and physical properties of ultraoriented polyoxymethylene produced by microwave heating drawing

Production of ultrahigh modulus polyoxymethylene by drawing under dielectric heating

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Production of ultrahigh modulus polyoxymethylene by drawing under dielectric heating