Background: Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. are reported to be the most prevalent and highly pathogenic parasites in livestock, particularly in small ruminants. However, the routine conventional tool used in Malaysia could not differentiate the species accurately and therefore limiting the understanding of the co-infections between these two genera among livestock in Malaysia. This study is the first attempt to identify the strongylids of veterinary importance in Malaysia (i.e., H. contortus and Trichostrongylus spp.) by amplification and sequencing of the Internal Transcribed Spacer II DNA region. Results: Overall, 118 (cattle: 11 of 98 or 11.2%; deer: 4 of 70 or 5.7%; goats: 99 of 157 or 63.1%; swine: 4 of 91 or 4.4%) out of the 416 collected fecal samples were microscopy positive with strongylid infection. The PCR and sequencing results demonstrated that 93 samples (1 or 25.0% of deer; 92 or 92.9% of goats) contained H. contortus. In addition, Trichostrongylus colubriformis was observed in 75 (75.8% of 99) of strongylid infected goats and Trichostrongylus axei in 4 (4.0%) of 99 goats and 2 (50.0%) of 4 deer. Based on the molecular results, co-infection of H. contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. (H. contortus +T. colubriformis denoted as HTC; H. contortus+ T. axei denoted as HTA) were only found in goats. Specifically, HTC co-infections have higher rate (71 or 45.2% of 157) compared to HTA co-infections (3 or 1.9% of 157). Conclusions: The present study is the first molecular identification of strongylid species among livestock in Malaysia which is essential towards a better knowledge of the epidemiology of gastro-intestinal parasitic infection among livestock in the country. Furthermore, a more comprehensive or nationwide molecular-based study on gastro-intestinal parasites in livestock should be carried out in the future, given that molecular tools could assist in improving diagnosis of veterinary parasitology in Malaysia due to its high sensitivity and accuracy.

/pdf/co-infection-of-haemonchus-contortus-and-trichostrongylus-gaae2s3cp2.pdf

Co-infection of Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. among livestock in Malaysia as revealed by amplification and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer II DNA region.

Helminthiasis due to strongyles such as Haemonchus contortus, coccidiosis caused by Eimeria sp. and blood parasite diseases such as theileriosis by Theileria sp. have been reported to cause severe morbidity and mortality annually in small ruminants in Malaysia. The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence of helminthiasis, coccidiosis and theileriosis and to determine the packed cell volume (PCV) value of small ruminants in Perak, Malaysia. Blood and faecal samples were obtained from a total of 175 animals from 7 small ruminant farms in Kampar, Larut Matang and Selama, Kuala Kangsar and Manjung districts in Perak; the samples were examined for parasitic infestations from April to July 2011. The results of this study show that H. contortus was found in 152 (86.86%) animals, Eimeria sp. was found in 162 (92.57%) animals and the blood protozoa Theileria sp. was found in 25 (14.30%) animals. The PCV values of all of these animals were recorded between 7% and 44%. A total of 42 (24%) animals were anaemic, with a PCV of less than 21%. Continuous monitoring of small ruminant farms will provide important information for assisting farmers with managing the spread of parasitic infections and maintaining the productivity of animals.

/pdf/the-prevalence-of-parasitic-infestation-of-small-ruminant-1x1kz1xy3w.pdf

The prevalence of parasitic infestation of small ruminant farms in perak, malaysia.

Rhipicephalus species are distributed globally with a notifiable presence in Southeast Asia (SEA) within animal and human populations. The Rhipicephalus species are highly adaptive and have established successful coexistence within human dwellings and are known to be active all year round, predominantly in tropical and subtropical climates existing in SEA. In this review, the morphological characteristics, epidemiology, and epizootiology of Rhipicephalus tick species found in SEA are reviewed. There are six commonly reported Rhipicephalus ticks in the SEA region. Their interactions with their host species that range from cattle, sheep, and goats, through cats and dogs, to rodents and man are discussed in this article. Rhipicephalus-borne pathogens, including Anaplasma species, Ehrlichia species, Babesia species, and Theileria species, have been highlighted as are relevant to the region in review. Pathogens transmitted from Rhipicepahalus ticks to host animals are usually presented clinically with signs of anemia, jaundice, and other signs of hemolytic changes. Rhipicephalus ticks infestation also account for ectoparasitic nuisance in man and animals. These issues are discussed with specific interest to the SEA countries highlighting peculiarities of the region in the epidemiology of Rhipicephalus species and attendant pathogens therein. This paper also discusses the current general control strategies for ticks in SEA proffering measures required for increased documentation. The potential risks associated with rampant and improper acaricide use are highlighted. Furthermore, such practices lead to acaricide resistance among Rhipicephalus species are highlighted.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/10/7/821/pdf

Rhipicephalus Tick: A Contextual Review for Southeast Asia.

Haemonchosis is a common problem on goat farms in tropical countries such as Malaysia. Prevention of production losses generally depends on the use of anthelmintic drugs, but is threatened by the emergence of anthelmintic resistance. This study investigates anthelmintic efficacy on small-scale Malaysian goat farms and describes putative risk factors. Adult goats had moderate to high pre-treatment faecal trichostrongyle egg counts, despite being housed on slatted floors and fed on cut-and-carry forage, raising questions about the source of nematode infection. Our results show multiple resistance to benzimidazole and macrocyclic lactone anthelmintic drugs and allow us to discuss the genetic origins of resistance with reference to farm husbandry and management. We conclude that improvement in Malaysian goat production efficiency will require the development of sustainable helminth control strategies, underpinned by a better understanding of the origins and population genetics of anthelmintic resistance.

Assessment of gastrointestinal nematode infection, anthelmintic usage and husbandry practices on two small-scale goat farms in Malaysia.

Gastrointestinal nematodes considered to be among the factors that could affect the goats’ productivity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the current status of nematode resistance to anthelminthic drugs in two farms (Veterinary Research Academy Jenang, Marang and Hulu Seladang Setiu Farms). The goats were randomly divided into five treatments which include control (A), albendazole oral administration (B), levamisole oral administration (C), ivermectin subcutaneous injection (D) and ivermectin pour on groups (E). After two weeks of the treatment the feces were collected and fecal egg count was examined. The mean of fecal egg count reduction (FECR) obtained was not statistically (p>0.05) different between the treatments, and FECR% was lower than 66% in all of the five treatments (A, B, C, D and E). In conclusion, two farms revealed the resistance of nematode to Albendazole, Levamisole, and Ivermectin anthelmintic drugs. This study suggested that the anthelmintic treatment is unlikely to be the suitable method of controlling nematode population, thus studies are needed to investigate further on the effectiveness of other methods of control such as the use of herbs.

Preliminary study of nematode resistance to anthelmintic drugs in two goat farms in terengganu

The widespread use of chemical anthelmintics to control goat gastrointestinal nematodes has resulted in the occurrence of resistant nematode populations that has become a global problem including Malaysia. Faecal samples were collected from 202 goats from eight farms in Kelantan for the confirmation of gastrointestinal nematode infection. A total of 161 goats were chosen for the Faecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) to detect resistance to four anthelmintics: albendazole, ivermectin, levamisole and closantel. Varying levels of resistance were detected for each anthelmintic where resistant nematode populations to albendazole, ivermectin, levamisole and closantel were observed in goats in six, five, two and two farms, respectively. Resistance was suspected against albendazole, ivermectin and levamisole in one farm. Nematode populations in two farms were found to be susceptible to levamisole while those in only one farm was susceptible to albendazole. In the present study, levamisole was found to be the most effective anthelmintic. Pre-treatment faecal cultures revealed Haemonchus contortus (73%) as the predominant infective larvae followed by Trichostrongylus spp. (26%) and Oesophagostomum spp. (1%). Based on the present study, the anthelmintic resistance status in Kelantan is of critical concern as the current anthelmintic based nematode control in goat farms may not be effective on a long term basis. There is an urgent need to evaluate non-chemical methods to control parasitism in local goats.

/pdf/anthelmintic-resistance-in-selected-goat-farms-in-kelantan-3mn4jzu429.pdf

Anthelmintic resistance in selected goat farms in Kelantan.

The study was conducted to investigate the effects selected management practices have on worm burden in goats as reflected by faecal egg counts. The faecal examination of six goat farms for the quantitative presence
of strongyles was conducted in Terengganu. A questionnaire was developed and directed to six farmers on the
management practices adopted on their farms. The management practices selected in the study were grazing time, mineral block supplementation, type of drug used, breed, and source of animal, grass type, additional feed,
and drenching personnel. The data analysis was done through systematic approaches using t-test, Spearman correlation and ANOVA. Afternoon grazing reduced the mean FEC nearly five-fold compared to morning grazing and mineral block supplementation reduced FEC two-fold compared to unsupplemented goats (P<0.05).

Management practices affecting helminthiasis in goats

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Anthelmintic resistance in selected goat farms in Kelantan.

Management practices affecting helminthiasis in goats