http://aerg.canberra.edu.au/library/sex_general/2002_Devlin_Nagahama_sex_determination_in_fish_review.pdf

Sex determination and sex differentiation in fish: an overview of genetic, physiological, and environmental influences

The morphology of the immune system in teleost fishes

https://www.cell.com/current-biology/pdf/S0960-9822(03)00939-4.pdf

Spermatozoal traits and sperm competition in Atlantic salmon: relative sperm velocity is the primary determinant of fertilization success.

For the last 30 years, attempts have been made to discriminate among fish populations by using molecular markers. Although some techniques have proved successful in certain circumstances, the consistent trend to newer markers among fishery geneticists highlights the general lack of resolving power observed with older technologies. The last decade has seen the increasing use of satellite DNA in investigations of genetic variability and divergence. Applications to fish and fisheries-related issues initially concentrated on minisatellite single-locus probes. Although minisatellites have successfully addressed a number of fishery-related questions, this class of satellite DNA has not been widely adopted by fishery geneticists. Most of the current research effort is concentrated on another class of satellite DNA called microsatellites. The large interest in microsatellite loci is largely due to the very high levels of variability that have been observed and the ability to investigate this variation using PCR technology. The isolation and application of microsatellites to research fields as diverse as population genetics, parentage analyses and genome mapping are reviewed. Despite the undisputed advantages that the marker possesses, there are a number of potential problems associated with investigating variation at microsatellite loci. Statistical considerations (e.g. appropriate sample sizes, number of loci and the mutation model assumptions on which the estimate is based) have not been considered in detail yet and the problems are often exacerbated in fish species, as some species show very large numbers of alleles at microsatellite loci. These issues and others, e.g. null alleles, are reviewed and possible solutions are proposed

Microsatellite DNA in fishes

This chapter describes the morphology and mechanism of cellular defenses in fish. A variety of leukocyte types is involved in nonspecific cellular defenses of fish and includes monocytes/ macrophages, granulocytes, and nonspecific cytotoxic cells (NCCs). Macrophages and granulocytes are mobile phagocytic cells found in the blood and secondary lymphoid tissues and are particularly important in inflammation, which is the cellular response to microbial invasion and/or tissue injury leading to the local accumulation of leukocytes and fluid. Isolated granulocytes are highly mobile and phagocytic and produce reactive oxygen species, but their bactericidal activity is often relatively poor compared with macrophages. A variety of approaches have been used to enrich for NCCs, including dissociation from tumor target cells, density gradient centrifugation, and flow cytometry. The development of inflammatory reactions is controlled by a number of mediators, including cytokines, eicosanoids, complement factors, and other vasoactive compounds released from phagocytes and thrombocytes.

2 - The Nonspecific Immune System: Cellular Defenses

The major histocompatibility complex (Mhc) has attracted much attention because of its immense polymorphism, its importance in transplantation, and its indisputable role in disease susceptibility in humans (Chen and Parham 1989; Hill et al. 1991) and in animals (Lie 1990). Previously, typical Mhc features reflected in allograft rejection and mixed leucocyte reactivity were the only indications that an Mhc also existed in teleost fish (Stet and Egberts 1991). The use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with degenerate oligonucleotides from conserved Mhc regions provided the first direct evidence for Mhc class I and class II genes in a fish, the teleost carp (Hashimoto et al. 1990). The primary aim of our study was to isolate and characterize expressed Mhc molecules in Atlantic salmon, and thereby provide data for further studies on evolutionary and disease aspects of the Mhc and its polymorphism. An Atlantic salmon-specific Mhc probe from leucocyte RNA was generated by PCR based on primers from conserved regions of known Mhc genes. The oligonucleotides and detailed strategies are described in an accompanying paper by Hordvik and co-workers (this issue). This salmon-specific probe was employed to screen a leucocyte )~gtl0 cDNA library based on a few individuals, from which Mhc-positive cDNAs were derived. The cDNAs analyzed in this report were established as subclones in pGEM-7z(+)R (Promega, Madison, WI) and sequencing was performed on double-stranded DNA with SP6, T7, and internal primers, using the procedure supplied by Multi-Pol TM DNA

Molecular cloning of major histocompatibility complex class I cDNAs from Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar )

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) cDNAs encoding the major histocompatibility complex (Mhc-Sasa) class II β chain were isolated from a leucocyte library by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) approach. Three different cDNAs (c144, c22, and c157) encoding the entire mature β chain have been analyzed. Clone c144 differs from clone c157 in 12.6% of the nucleotides in the β1-encoding region. The corresponding differences between clones c144 and c22, and clones c22 and c157, are 10.3% and 5.2%, respectively. This variation is, at least in part, most likely attributable to allelism. The similarity indices between the highly conserved β2 domains from Atlantic salmon and corresponding sequences from humans (DQβ), chicken (BLβ), carp (TLAIIβ-1), and rainbow trout (O. M. No. 55) are 45%, 40%, 66%, and 97%, respectively. Variable residues in the β1 domains from Atlantic salmon correspond with polymorphic sites of β1 domains from higher vertebrates. The frequency of substitutions in the β1-encoding region exceeds that in the 3′-untranslated (UT) region with several folds, indicating extensive β1 polymorphism in Atlantic salmon. The nucleotide sequence data reported in this paper have been submitted to the GenBank nucleotide sequence database and have been assigned the accession numbers (C 144) X 70165, (C 157) X 70166, and (C 22) X 70167.

Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNAs encoding the MHC class II β chain in Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar )

Variability in the most extracellular exons of Atlantic salmon MHC-Sasa class I and class II was studied by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification followed by sequencing The domains studied were class I alpha 2 and class II beta 1 The material used was genomic DNA of fish, mainly derived from the major Norwegian breeding pool, supplemented with some material from a minor breeder and a local river strain The analysis revealed extensive variation, most individuals being heterozygous with at least two variants

A study of variability in the MHC class II beta 1 and class I alpha 2 domain exons of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.

Summary

Microsatellites are islands of long repeats of mono-, di- or trinucleotides evenly distributed in the eukaryotic genome with an average distance of 50–100 kb. They display a high degree of length polymorphism and heterozygosity at individual loci, making them highly useful as markers in the development of genomic maps of eukaryotes. In the present work, we examined the dinucleotide repeat motif (dG-dT)n in the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., genome. The frequency of (dG-dT)n microsatellites in salmon correlates well with earlier published estimations. Cloning and sequencing of 45 salmon microsatellites revealed perfect and imperfect repeats, but no compound microsatellites. The distribution of number of repeat units in salmon microsatellites differ significantly from that of higher vertebrates. Salmon tends to have more long repeat stretches and less intermediate length repeats.

Isolation and characterization of variable (GT)n repetitive sequences from Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.

Inspired by the recently introduced single sperm typing and by turning to account natural features of fish reproduction and development (e.g. parthenogenesis), we have established an efficient strategy in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) to assist classical linkage analysis. By haploid gynogenesis we have generated an average of 500 haploid female fry from each of 20 unrelated normal diploid dams. Eggs have been “pseudofertilized” with irradiated sperm giving rise to haploid individuals, representing a single maternal meiotic event with no sperm genome contribution. In genetic analysis terms this strategy represents the female counterpart of sperm typing but offers some advantages: no individual sorting problem, repeated tests are possible on the same individual (considerable amount of cells and DNA), not entirely dependent on PCR (although preferable to save material) and markers that can be mapped are not restricted to DNA. Like for single sperm typing, the almost unlimited material enables us ...

Haploid gynogenesis: A powerful strategy for linkage analysis in fish

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Ø Lie

Author Tools

Chat about Author