Variable skin pH values are being reported in literature, all in the acidic range but with a broad range from pH 4.0 to 7.0. In a multicentre study (N = 330), we have assessed the skin surface pH of the volar forearm before and after refraining from showering and cosmetic product application for 24 h. The average pH dropped from 5.12 +/- 0.56 to 4.93 +/- 0.45. On the basis of this pH drop, it is estimated that the 'natural' skin surface pH is on average 4.7, i.e. below 5. This is in line with existing literature, where a relatively large number of reports (c. 50%) actually describes pH values below 5.0; this is in contrast to the general assumption, that skin surface pH is on average between 5.0 and 6.0. Not only prior use of cosmetic products, especially soaps, have profound influence on skin surface pH, but the use of plain tap water, in Europe with a pH value generally around 8.0, will increase skin pH up to 6 h after application before returning to its 'natural' value of on average below 5.0. It is demonstrated that skin with pH values below 5.0 is in a better condition than skin with pH values above 5.0, as shown by measuring the biophysical parameters of barrier function, moisturization and scaling. The effect of pH on adhesion of resident skin microflora was also assessed; an acid skin pH (4-4.5) keeps the resident bacterial flora attached to the skin, whereas an alkaline pH (8-9) promotes the dispersal from the skin.

Natural skin surface pH is on average below 5, which is beneficial for its resident flora

http://cfile205.uf.daum.net/attach/187EA21F4B7E045F0B4344

Epidermal Barrier Dysfunction in Atopic Dermatitis

The ‘acid mantle’ of the stratum corneum seems to be important for both permeability barrier formation and cutaneous antimicrobial defense. However, the origin of the acidic pH, measurable on the skin

/pdf/the-ph-of-the-skin-surface-and-its-impact-on-the-barrier-ltokkf7h33.pdf

The pH of the skin surface and its impact on the barrier function.

A bioinspired microhairy sensor is developed to enable ultraconformability on nonflat surfaces and significant enhancement in the signal-to-noise ratio of the retrieved signals. The device shows ≈12 times increase in the signal-to-noise ratio in the generated capacitive signals, allowing the ultraconformal microhair pressure sensors to be capable of measuring weak pulsations of internal jugular venous pulses stemming from a human neck.

Highly Skin‐Conformal Microhairy Sensor for Pulse Signal Amplification

The "acid mantle" is a topic not only of historical interest, but also of clinical significance and has recently been linked to vital stratum corneum function. Despite compelling basic science evidence placing skin pH as a key factor in barrier homeostasis, stratum corneum integrity, and antimicrobial defense, application of the acid mantle concept in clinical care is lacking. We review recent basic science investigations into skin pH, discuss skin disorders characterized by aberrant pH, and finally discuss practical application for preservation of the acid mantle. Recognizing factors that alter skin pH and selecting products that preserve the acid mantle is of prime importance in treating dermatologic patients.

/pdf/skin-ph-from-basic-science-to-basic-skin-care-1gucpgrk71.pdf

Skin pH: from basic science to basic skin care.

Non-invasive investigations of skin morphology and function are standard tools to study the pathophysiology of several cutaneous disorders, yet they have not been used in population-based epidemiological studies Here we examined skin surface pH, stratum corneum hydration, trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin roughness by profilometry in a study population comprising 377 primary school children (8-9 years old) as part of a multicentre survey on risk factors for allergic diseases in school children Skin surface pH showed significant higher values (p=0029) in the group with atopic eczema (n=45) compared with the group without atopic eczema; all other parameters did not differ significantly between children with and without atopic eczema With increasing skin dryness there was a significant increase in pH values (p=0004) Stratum corneum hydration showed a significant decrease with increasing dryness (p<0001) Measurement of skin roughness also revealed a significant linear relationship with skin dryness (p=002) It is concluded that measurement of skin surface pH, corneometry and profilometry are useful non-invasive techniques to objectively assess skin dryness in epidemiological studies regarding atopic skin disease

Skin surface pH, stratum corneum hydration, trans-epidermal water loss and skin roughness related to atopic eczema and skin dryness in a population of primary school children.

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Skin surface pH, stratum corneum hydration, trans-epidermal water loss and skin roughness related to atopic eczema and skin dryness in a population of primary school children.