Midazolam is widely used as a preanesthetic medication for children. Prior studies have used extemporaneous formulations to disguise the bitter taste of IV midazolam and to improve patient acceptance, but with unknown bioavailability. In this prospective, randomized, double-blinded study we examined

A comparison of three doses of a commercially prepared oral midazolam syrup in children

Introduction Pain is perhaps the most feared symptom of disease, which a man is always trying to alleviate and conquer since ages. It is defined by the international association for study of pain as an “unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage”.1 Children are special in this regard because, in them it is a very complex phenomenon. It is also very difficult to differentiate restlessness or crying due to pain from that of hunger or fear in the children. An effective pain therapy to block or modify the myriad physiologic responses to stress has become an essential component of modern pediatric anaesthesia and surgical practice.

Post-operative Pain management in Paediatric patients

Intranasal midazolam offers an attractive alternative for use as a sedative agent for medical imaging studies in children. Its convenient administration and rapid onset are significant advantages over intravenous and oral agents. Because of its short duration, it is effective only for short procedures and as an adjunct to other sedative agents. When younger children present with such requirements, a dose of 0.2 mg/kg has been safe and effective in our experience. We advocate its use with adherence to guidelines for sedation published by the American Academy of Pediatrics.

Sedation in pediatric imaging using intranasal midazolam

Context: Preoperative anxiety and uncooperativeness experienced by pediatric patients are commonly associated with postoperative behavioral problems. Aims: We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of intranasal Midazolam as a sedative in a pediatric age group for radiological imaging procedures and to note onset of sedation, level of sedation, condition of patient during separation from parents and effect on the cardio-respiratory system. Settings and Design: Randomized double-blinded study. Subjects and Methods: Fifty patients of the pediatric age group of American Society of Anesthesiologist grade 2 and 3 who came for any radiological imaging procedures were studied. Patients were randomly allocated to receive, intranasally, either Midazolam 0.5 mg/kg (group A N0 = 25) or normal saline (group B N = 25) in both nostrils (0.25 mg/kg in each) 15 min before the procedure. Time for onset of sedation and satisfactory sedation, sedation score, separation score, hemodynamic changes and side-effects were recorded. Statistical Analysis Used: Student's t-test. Results: Intranasal Midazolam group had a significantly shorter time for onset of sedation and satisfactory sedation. Mean sedation score and mean separation score at 10 min and 15 min intervals were significant in intranasal Midazolam as compared with normal saline (P Conclusions: Intranasal Midazolam 0.5 mg/kg is safe and effective and provides adequate sedation for easy separation from the parents and reduced requirement of intravenous supplementation during radiological imaging procedures without any untoward side-effects.

Evaluation of intranasal Midazolam spray as a sedative in pediatric patients for radiological imaging procedures

To evaluate nasally administered midazolam 0.2 mg.kg-1 for preinduction of anaesthesia in paediatric patients the authors studied ASA 1 patients scheduled for elective surgery. Forty-five children, ages 3 to 126 months, were randomized in three groups: group D (n = 16) received diazepam 0.33 mg.kg-1 orally, group P (placebo) (n = 13) 0.04 ml.kg-1 normal saline via the nasal route; in group MDZ (n = 16) the children were given intranasal midazolam 0.3 mg.kg-1. The premedication was assessed on a 5-point sedation scale, modified to include the response to mask placement and the quality of the induction of general anaesthesia. The degree of sedation, heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate and oxygen saturation levels were recorded on the arrival in the operating room (0 min) and 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 min (mask placement) after drug administration. With intranasal midazolam sedation was demonstrable at 6 min and was significant at 9 and 12 min. In this group all the children were calm or drowsy. The induction of anaesthesia was equivalent in group D and MDZ but easier than in those patients receiving normal saline. Vital signs did not change during the study period in any of the three groups. Intranasal midazolam was slightly more effective than oral diazepam. In children, it produces anxiolysis and sedation with rapid onset and is an attractive alternative to other routes for preanaesthetic medication.

Prémédication par midazolam intranasal en anesthésie pédiatrique

The useful intramuscular premedication dose of midazolam was determined in 100 children divided up in three age groups: one month to three years, 3 to 10 years, 10 to 15 years. All biometric parameters were normal for the age, and comparable between similar age groups. Haemodynamic and respiratory parameters were not altered by the premedication. The reduction in anxiety, as assessed by the child's behaviour, was good or excellent in more than 85% of cases from all age groups; it was proportional to the dose used. The doses that had, for equivalent reductions in anxiety as assessed by the chi-square test, the least hypnotic effect, were: 0.5 mg X kg-1 before three years of age, 0.4 mg X kg-1 for the 3 to 10 yr olds, and 0.25 mg X kg-1 for the 10 to 15 yr olds. This fall in dose with age, quite usual in paediatrics, was not unexpected. The level of consciousness, one hour after surgery, was always normal. No undesirable side-effect was observed. These results, together with its physical, chemical and pharmacodynamic characteristics, make midazolam a choice drug for intramuscular premedication in children, with a foreseeable use in day-care anaesthesia. The unexpected finding of an age-dependent dissociation between the reduction in anxiety and the hypnotic effect is discussed in the light of a study carried out in the adult and recent data from the literature.

La prémédication intramusculaire au midazolam chez le nourrisson et l'enfant

Clonidine Prolongation of Epidural Blockade in Children

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La prémédication intramusculaire au midazolam chez le nourrisson et l'enfant

Clonidine Prolongation of Epidural Blockade in Children