There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

Metallic biomaterials are used in medical devices in humans more than any other family of materials. The corrosion resistance of an implant material affects its functionality and durability and is a prime factor governing biocompatibility. The fundamental paradigm of metallic biomaterials, except biodegradable metals, has been “the more corrosion resistant, the more biocompatible.” The body environment is harsh and raises several challenges with respect to corrosion control. In this invited review paper, the body environment is analysed in detail and the possible effects of the corrosion of different biomaterials on biocompatibility are discussed. Then, the kinetics of corrosion, passivity, its breakdown and regeneration in vivo are conferred. Next, the mostly used metallic biomaterials and their corrosion performance are reviewed. These biomaterials include stainless steels, cobalt-chromium alloys, titanium and its alloys, Nitinol shape memory alloy, dental amalgams, gold, metallic glasses and biodegradable metals. Then, the principles of implant failure, retrieval and failure analysis are highlighted, followed by description of the most common corrosion processes in vivo. Finally, approaches to control the corrosion of metallic biomaterials are highlighted.

Corrosion of Metallic Biomaterials: A Review

Hydrogels usually suffer from low mechanical strength, which largely limit their application in many fields. In this Research Article, we prepared a dual physically cross-linked hydrogel composed of poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) (PAM-co-PAA) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) by simple two-steps methods of copolymerization and freezing/thawing. The hydrogen bond-associated entanglement of copolymer chains formed as cross-linking points to construct the first network. After being subjected to the freezing/thawing treatment, PVA crystalline domains were formed to serve as knots of the second network. The hydrogels were demonstrated to integrate strength and toughness (1230 ± 90 kPa and 1250 ± 50 kJ/m3) by the introduction of second physically cross-linked network. Whats more, the hydrogels exhibited rapid recovery, excellent fatigue resistance, and self-healing property. The dynamic property of the dual physically cross-linked network contributes to the excellent energy dissipation and self-healing property....

High-Strength, Tough, Fatigue Resistant, and Self-Healing Hydrogel Based on Dual Physically Cross-Linked Network

Due to the technological advances, sensors have found a significant role in different aspects of human life. The sensors have been fabricated via various manufacturing processes. Recently, additive manufacturing (AM) has become a common method for fabrication of a wide range of engineering components in many industries. This manufacturing method, commonly known as three-dimensional (3D) printing is based on melting and solidification that leads to production of a component with high dimensional accuracy and smooth surface finish. As precision and elegant techniques are needed in manufacturing of the sensors, AM has been utilized in fabrication of these parts in the last few years. In this study, we summarized and classified applications of different AM methods in manufacturing of sensors. In this context, we briefly reviewed and compared AM techniques and categorized 3D-printed sensors based on their applications. Moreover, fabrication of sensors via AM is explained in details, challenges and future prospect of this manufacturing process are discussed. Investigations on the performed studies proved that higher printing resolution, faster speed and higher efficiency are needed to reach a remarkable advance in the production of 3D-printed sensors. The presented data can be utilized not only for comparison, improvement and optimization of fabrication processes, but also is beneficial for next research in production of highly sensitive sensors.

3D-printed sensors: Current progress and future challenges

This paper showcases a substantial review on some of the significant work done on 3D printing of sensors for biomedical applications. The importance of 3D printing techniques has bloomed in the sensing world due to their essential advantages of quick fabrication, easy accessibility, processing of varied materials and sustainability. Along with the introduction of the necessity and influence of 3D printing techniques for the fabrication of sensors for different healthcare applications, the paper explains the individual methodologies used to develop sensing prototypes. Six different 3D printing techniques have been explained in the manuscript, followed by drawing a comparison between them in terms of their advantages, disadvantages, materials being processed, resolution, repeatability, accuracy and applications. Finally, a conclusion of the paper is provided with some of the challenges of the current 3D printing techniques about the developed sensing prototypes, their corresponding remedial solutions and a market survey determining the expenditure on 3D printing for biomedical sensing prototypes.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/7/1706/pdf

3D Printed Sensors for Biomedical Applications: A Review.

The early stages of Re-Ni alloy deposition from citrate electrolytes were studied in terms of the apparent faradaic efficiency (FE) of the deposition process, the composition of the deposits and their morphology. The deposition time was varied in the range of 0.05 to 60 seconds. The apparent FE of the deposition process was calculated as the ratio between the charge consumed in electrochemical stripping of the deposit and the charge consumed during electrodeposition. The apparent FE and Re-content in the deposits (measured byenergydispersiveX-rayspectroscopy)wereshowntodecreasewithdepositiontime.AnomalousvaluesoftheFE,wellabove100%, were observed at short deposition times. Under these conditions, the deposition of material consisting of nanoparticles with diameters of 50‐80 nm was observed by scanning electron microscopy studies, supporting the anomalous high deposition rates. This behavior is indicative of chemical reactions taking place at short times in parallel with electrodeposition. The effects of deposition time on the apparent FE and Re-content in the deposits are explained by the changes in catalytic activity of the cathode surface during deposition. © The Author(s) 2014. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 License (CC BY-NC-ND, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is not changed in any way and is properly cited. For permission for commercial reuse, please email: oa@electrochem.org. [DOI: 10.1149/2.038405jes] All rights reserved.

http://www.eng.tau.ac.il/~neliaz/Papers_Files/Olga_JECS1.pdf

The Initial Stages of Electrodeposition of Re-Ni Alloys

CoPt films, 10-16 μm thick, of near-equiatomic composition were deposited from sodium citrate electrolyte containing [Pt(NΟ 2 ) 2 (NH 3 ) 2 ] 0 complex and CoSO 4 as the source of the Pt and Co, respectively. The effect of the total ammonia (NH + 4 + NH 3 ) and citrate concentrations on the deposition current efficiency and alloy composition was determined. Annealing of films with 42-48 atom % Pt resulted in a dramatic increase of their coercivity and squareness. The annealed films consisted of A 1 (face-centered cubic) and Llo (face-centered tetragonal) phases. The presence of an additional CoO phase in the films contributed to an increase of their coercivity.

http://esl.ecsdl.org/content/11/4/D38.full.pdf

Electrodeposited Near-Equiatomic CoPt Thick Films

A novel Pluronic-based hydrogel copolymer was synthesized and actuated. The combined properties of improved biocompatability and response to electrical excitation of this cross-linked gel make it a potential candidate for actuators such as electrically controllable occlusion devices and non-surgical implants. The electrical response of the copolymer was verified using bending tests performed in potassium chloride (KCl) solutions of different concentrations and the novel material was characterized using equilibrium swelling experiments, environmental scanning microscopy (ESEM) imaging, and a potentiometric method for estimating the fixed charge. We considered the influence of current, pH and concentration on the hydrogel actuator behavior, which was manifested in the degree of bending and in direction of bending. A reversal of the bending direction was observed twice in a single system under DC bias (without reversal of electric field polarity). We described this phenomenon as representing several different types of electric-responsive behavior that become dominant at different actuation stages of the polymer system. The distinction between the different actuation effects is important for the development of hydrogel actuators.

Actuation of a novel Pluronic-based hydrogel: Electromechanical response and the role of applied current

Low voltage, low energy submerged pulsed arcs between Ti electrodes with a pulse repetition rate of 100 Hz, energies of 2.6–192 mJ and durations of 10–40 μs, followed by aging in the dark, were used to decompose 10 mg/l methylene blue (MB) contamination in 40 ml aqueous solutions, with and without the addition of 0.5 % H2O2. The impact of the arc treatment on the MB removal ratio (C0–Cta)/C0 was considered as a function of aging time ta, where C0 and Cta are the MB concentrations initially and after ta (the time needed to complete removal of MB after cessation of exposure of the arc). Particles eroded from the electrodes during the discharge enabled MB decomposition during aging. The particles were studied by XRD, XPS and Raman analysis, and titanium oxides and peroxides were found. MB decomposition during aging is explained by the formation of a surface layer of titanium peroxide that forms by the interaction of titanium dioxide with H2O2, which produce radicals which oxidize the MB. The 99.6 % MB removal yield (G99.6 = 90 g/kWhr) of the submerged pulsed arc process with Ti electrodes and addition of 0.5 % H2O2 was more than 60 times larger than obtained at 50 % removal with other plasma methods.

Decomposition of Dissolved Methylene Blue in Water Using a Submerged Arc Between Titanium Electrodes

Deposition of CoPtP films from citric electrolyte

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