Improvements to existing methods in the literature have been made for predicting cumulative plastic deformation for fine-grained subgrade soils. The soil deviator stress, number of stress applications, soil physical state, and soil type are considered. The improved method incorporates multilevels of deviator stresses and multisoil physical states that result from load-level variations, as well as seasonal and weather changes throughout traffic. Measurements of plastic deformation for a railroad-track subgrade are presented and show a significant influence of soil physical state, soil type, traffic tonnage, and wheel loads on the accumulation of plastic deformation. Comparisons between predicted and experimental results show good applicability of the improved method.

Cumulative plastic deformation for fine-grained subgrade soils

The cyclic behavior of normally consolidated clays is investigated by conducting a series of cyclic simple shear tests on one-dimensionally and isotropically consolidated kaolinite samples. The response of two types of specimens are evaluated and compared based on tests performed with different cyclic shear stress amplitudes and frequencies. The cyclic stress-strain-pore pressure and cyclic shear strength properties of the clay samples are studied and a simple procedure is suggested to define cyclic yield strength. The results also indicate that there is a threshold cyclic shear stress level below which no excess pore pressure will develop. An attempt is made to develop an empirical procedure to estimate the response of a soil element subjected to cyclic shear stresses for a given number of cycles.

Undrained Behavior of Clay Under Cyclic Shear Stresses

Results are presented from a series of one-way cyclic undrained triaxial tests on Ariake Clay, a highly plastic, normally consolidated marine clay from Kyushu in southwest Japan. Considering first pore water pressures developed during cyclic loading, it is shown that the build up of pore water pressure is a time-dependent phenomenon, independent of frequency. The rate of pore pressure accumulation decreases exponentially with elapsed time of cyclic loading and at any given time it is a function of the applied cyclic stress. A similar creep type of relationship also exists for the accumulation of plastic strain with time, and from this a relationship is developed between pore pressure and strain. Effective stress paths for samples taken to failure suggest that the projection of the critical state line may be taken as a failure criterion under cyclic loading. Combining the exponential relationship for pore pressure against time with this failure criterion, related stability criteria are developed for pore pressure and strains at different cyclic stress levels.

Stability Criteria for Marine Clay Under One-Way Cyclic Loading

Undrained strength behaviour of a cemented marine clay under monotonic and cyclic loading

Soft clay forms a big proportion of the seabed ground. In a marine environment, waves, wind, and earthquakes, often known as cyclic loads, are a main contributor to the loading of the seabed. The safety of offshore structures relies on the response of soft marine clay to these cyclic loadings. Its very fine-grained composition, and hence low permeability, is the defining factor for soft marine clay showing a very different response to cyclic loading than sand. The responses of soft marine clay subjected to cyclic loading range from degradation in soil strength and stiffness to principal stress rotation, excess pore pressure generation, and deformation accumulation. These dynamic characteristics of soft marine clay are strongly influenced by several factors, including loading level (amplitude, frequency, and number of cycles), loading history, and path. The purpose of the present paper is to present an overview of the research results on the characteristics of soft marine clay under cyclic loading in the past decades. Some remarks on future research for improving the understanding of dynamic characteristics of soft marine clay are also provided based on the results of up-to-date research.

Characteristics of soft marine clay under cyclic loading: a review

Repeated and sustained loading tests on undrained samples of normally consolidated lacustrine clay are used to prove the existence of a relationship between pore water pressures and axial strains.The behavior of the clay is studied by investigating the pore pressure and strain responses under repeated loading, and comparing them with the responses from the more usual sustained loading. Samples under repeated loading fail at a stress below the compressive strength of the material as obtained from a standard strength test.It has been shown that, for a repeated stress level below a critical value a nonfailure equilibrium state is reached, closed stress–strain hysteresis loops occur and the soil behavior is essentially elastic. For a repeated stress above the critical value, the effective stress failure envelope is reached and each loading cycle leads to further nonrecoverable deformations and ultimate failure.The pore pressures and axial strains produced by loading may be divided into recoverable and nonreco...

Pore Pressures and Strains After Repeated Loading of Saturated Clay

Symposium on Strength and Deformation Behaviour of Soils

A Text Book of Soil Mechanics: Book Review

A fundamental approach to mobility by studying deformations and stresses in a soil as a wheel moves is described. A driven rigid model wheel was constructed to run over a sample of amorphous granular peat. Metal markers were placed throughout the peat and records of their movements, using an X-ray technique, were obtained as the wheel travelled over the peat. The markers moved in cardioids (heart shapes). The marker movement for any location within the sample was obtained from relationships which existed between the movement of the markers and the positions of the wheel.The trajectories of the principal stresses were determined from the deformations by a graphical method. Using an assumption regarding the angle of internal friction for this peat, the surfaces of maximum shear were obtained. The surfaces of maximum shear resembled the configurations associated with slope stability problems in soil mechanics.

Soil Mechanics as it Affects Vehicle Performance

A rheological model is given which is capable of representing the continuing secondary foundation settlements reported in certain field observations of structures experiencing large variations in l...

A Rheological Model for Soil-structure Interaction under Cyclic Loading

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