Natural biopolymers, a class of materials extracted from renewable sources, is garnering interest due to growing concerns over environmental safety; biopolymers have the advantage of biocompatibility and biodegradability, an imperative requirement. The synthesis of nanoparticles and nanofibers from biopolymers provides a green platform relative to the conventional methods that use hazardous chemicals. However, it is challenging to characterize these nanoparticles and fibers due to the variation in size, shape, and morphology. In order to evaluate these properties, microscopic techniques such as optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are essential. With the advent of new biopolymer systems, it is necessary to obtain insights into the fundamental structures of these systems to determine their structural, physical, and morphological properties, which play a vital role in defining their performance and applications. Microscopic techniques perform a decisive role in revealing intricate details, which assists in the appraisal of microstructure, surface morphology, chemical composition, and interfacial properties. This review highlights the significance of various microscopic techniques incorporating the literature details that help characterize biopolymers and their derivatives.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/12/3/512/pdf

Microscopic Techniques for the Analysis of Micro and Nanostructures of Biopolymers and Their Derivatives.

Incorporation of inorganic bioceramics into electrospun scaffolds for tissue engineering applications: A review

Flower-like bentonite-based Co3O4 with oxygen vacancies-rich as highly efficient peroxymonosulfate activator for lomefloxacin hydrochloride degradation

Chitosan comprises polymeric macromolecules with technical and biological properties that have been used in biomedical healing applications requiring anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory capacities worldwide. In the tropical regions, green banana peel extract and andiroba oil are considered natural products with wound healing properties. The present study, for the first time, synthesized chitosan/green banana peel extract/andiroba oil (CGA) membranes and analyzed them using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the swelling and moisture tests. The CGA membranes together with control membranes of plain chitosan and chitosan plus green banana peel extract, were characterized by contact angle measurement, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Macroscopic analysis showed significant differences in color and transparency caused by the number of decoction days used for extract preparation and the oil content. SEM observations disclosed the formation of two phases, lipid and polymer, in the CGA. The number of decoction days and the andiroba oil content were inversely related to the swelling moisture uptake. All membranes were found to be hydrophilic with contact angles less than 90°. The incorporation of plant extract and oil promoted the appearance of related XRD peaks. DSC curves revealed a reduction in the enthalpy of the CGA membranes compared with plain chitosan, which might be attributed to the evaporation of the natural extract and oil. Based on these findings, the studied newly synthesized membranes demonstrated a potential for healing epithelial lesions.

/pdf/synthesis-and-characterization-of-natural-polymeric-3r272slt.pdf

Synthesis and Characterization of Natural Polymeric Membranes Composed of Chitosan, Green Banana Peel Extract and Andiroba Oil

The interest is rapidly growing to use green and renewable polymers for engineering applications. Herein, biopolymers have shown great potential as environmentally friendly alternatives. Lignin is one of the most abundant biopolymers obtained from lignocellulosic biomass. Lignin constitutes approximately 15–35% of the lignocellulosic biomass. It has unique properties, such as high carbon content, high thermal stability, adhesive properties, biodegradability, biocompatibility and biological activities. Lignin has also the benefit of cost-effective processing with low energy requirements as a by-product of agricultural, paper and pulp industries. Taking account of these properties, a significant amount of research has been carried out toward the fabrication of advanced lignin-based materials with functional properties to be evaluated in several industrial applications for the last few decades. In recent years, lignin composites have gained popularity in the biomedical applications including tissue engineering scaffolds, wound dressing materials, drug delivery carriers and other medical applications. The studies have shown the suitability of lignin composites for multiple biomedical proposes. The present chapter presents a widespread overview of current achievements, limitations and future perspectives of lignin composites in biomedical field. In this chapter, recent advances in the fabrication, characterization and potential biomedical applications of lignin-based composites will be analyzed and discussed in detail.

Lignin Composites for Biomedical Applications: Status, Challenges and Perspectives

PLA (Poly Lactid Acid) - Bentonite polymer nanocomposite which is a combination of natural and nanometer-scale inorganic substances created through three processes, mixing using a melt blending, molding with a hot press using specimens Standard ASTM D 638 Type IV and drying. In this study, PLA combined with two types of natural bentonite obtained from different areas to find differences in the quality of the results of characterization. To optimize the performance of filler, before mixing, bentonite have to furificate first with (NaPO3)6 and also open the interlayer space with CTAB. D-spacing of bentonite imterlayer were analyze by X-Ray difraction (XRD). Characterization bionanocomposite resulting morphologic structure was tested using a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). Mechanical analysis of PLA-bentonite nanocomposite in the form of tensile strength was tested using a tensile test specimens of standard American Standard for Testing Materials (ASTM) D 638 Type 4, and thermal resistance using Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA).

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/222/1/012008/pdf

Improving the quality of biopolymer (poly lactic acid) with the addition of bentonite as filler

Polyurethanes (PU) is one of the most widespread material in the world. Polyurethanes is an important division of a synthetic polymer that has been used widely included in biomedical applications. Utilization of chitosan for anti-microbial properties of the material is also performed in this study, including testing to comprehend the development of harmful bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, the current development of the science of nanotechnology is not only to produce the anti-bacterial material but also able to resist the thermal resistant. Therefore in this study, dispersion of bentonite nanocomposite as a filler material in the matrix as a reinforcement polyurethane to thermal insulation and improved mechanical properties of the coating materials. The results of the analysis of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) have demonstrated the formation of clusters urethane N-H in the compound polyurethane palm oil, the reaction takes for 6 hours at a temperature of 80°C as evidenced by absorption wave number N-H widening out at 3320 cm-1 and 3480 cm-1. Analysis of X-ray diffraction (X-RD) is an effective method for measuring the crystal structure of pure bentonite and bentonite nanocomposite shows the result of d-spacing pure bentonite was 1.798 nm, pure chitosan was 1.142 nm, bentonite nanoparticles was 2.055 nm, chitosan nanoparticles was 1.571 nm respectively and polyurethane/ bentonite/chitosan (PU/B/CH) nanocomposites were 3.386 nm. This d-spacing larger than that of the pure bentonite and chitosan.

/pdf/influence-of-coating-polyurethane-with-mixture-of-bentonite-4j5wpngw3t.pdf

Influence of coating polyurethane with mixture of bentonite and chitosan nanocomposites

The composite formation from PLA /PCL mixture with bentonite as filler has been carried out by melt intercalation method. Bentonite was obtained from the local area of Bener Meriah, in Aceh which has been modified with CTAB surfactant. The bentonite is which is a swelling (Na+) bentonite. The mass ratio PLA: PCL mixture was varied at 60:40, 50:50, and 40:60, the bentonite filler additive was varied at 3%, 5% and 8% of total weight of the mixture. Temperature and heating duration to melt the mixture were 180°C and 20 minutes, respectively. In the process of forming the sample accordance to ASTM D-638 standard. The process produce the white bone plastic material which was tested by several characterization. Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) shows that PLA/PCL mixture improve thermal stability of the resulting polymer mixture than a single polymer. Futhermore, the tensile strength of the composite with bentonite addition as filler in the composite increased the tensile strength. The strenth is higher as the weigth percentage of the filler increased. Samples PLA60/PCL40 with addition of 8% filler bentonite is the most optimum composite among other variations with thermal degradation temperature value of 355°C and tensile strength of 440 MPa. This research produces a composition of polymer-filler mixtures that are prospectively to be further developed as bio-based composites for various industrial applications, especially biomedical.

Modification of PLA/PCL/Aceh’s bentonite nanocomposites as biomedical materials

Thermal degradation of Aceh’s bentonite reinforced poly lactic acid (PLA) based on renewable resources for packaging application

In this study, optimization was carried out to increase the levels of geraniol compounds present in citronella oil using vacuum distillation. Geraniol is a compound that has been legalized by IFRA (Fragrance International Research Association) as a scent compound, Geraniol has been studied in addition to having a pleasant fragrance, geraniol is also very effective in inhibiting bacterial growth. So geraniol is a reference to use it as formulated as a raw material for anti-bacterial products, but the levels of geraniol in citronella oil are still very low. This is what encourages the processing of fragrant citronella oil to be processed, by increasing geraniol levels using a vacuum distillation method, with variations in pressure: 8mmHg, 6mmHg, 4mmHg, 1mmHg during the operating time: 20 minutes; 40 minutes; 60 minutes and until Final boiling point. The samples were analysed using GC-MS (Gas Chromatography of Mass Spectrometry, FTIR (Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectrophotometer), refractive index, and bacterial testing of research products. The results showed that higher temperature usage had an effect on increasing geraniol levels and showed that This vacuum distillation method is quite effective. Geraniol concentrations before and after isolation increased by 38%. namely from 20.32% to 57.39%. This shows that this method is quite effective in increasing geraniol concentrations in fragrant citronella oil. Analysis of FTIR shows 3365.78 cm-1 according to the hydroxyl polymer group (OH).

https://robots.iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/788/1/012028/pdf

Geraniol quality improvement on citronella oil as raw material for making anti-bacterial perfumes

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