This article provides an update on the global cancer burden using the GLOBOCAN 2020 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Worldwide, an estimated 19.3 million new cancer cases (18.1 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and almost 10.0 million cancer deaths (9.9 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) occurred in 2020. Female breast cancer has surpassed lung cancer as the most commonly diagnosed cancer, with an estimated 2.3 million new cases (11.7%), followed by lung (11.4%), colorectal (10.0 %), prostate (7.3%), and stomach (5.6%) cancers. Lung cancer remained the leading cause of cancer death, with an estimated 1.8 million deaths (18%), followed by colorectal (9.4%), liver (8.3%), stomach (7.7%), and female breast (6.9%) cancers. Overall incidence was from 2-fold to 3-fold higher in transitioned versus transitioning countries for both sexes, whereas mortality varied <2-fold for men and little for women. Death rates for female breast and cervical cancers, however, were considerably higher in transitioning versus transitioned countries (15.0 vs 12.8 per 100,000 and 12.4 vs 5.2 per 100,000, respectively). The global cancer burden is expected to be 28.4 million cases in 2040, a 47% rise from 2020, with a larger increase in transitioning (64% to 95%) versus transitioned (32% to 56%) countries due to demographic changes, although this may be further exacerbated by increasing risk factors associated with globalization and a growing economy. Efforts to build a sustainable infrastructure for the dissemination of cancer prevention measures and provision of cancer care in transitioning countries is critical for global cancer control.

https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.3322/caac.21660

Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries.

/pdf/current-and-future-burden-of-breast-cancer-global-statistics-tov12g1b.pdf

Current and future burden of breast cancer: Global statistics for 2020 and 2040

Global trends in hepatocellular carcinoma epidemiology: implications for screening, prevention and therapy.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cancer will soon become the leading cause of death in every country in the twenty-first century. This study aimed to analyze the mortality and morbidity of 29 types of cancer in 204 countries or regions from 1990 to 2019 to guide global cancer prevention and control. METHODS Detailed information for 29 cancer groups was collected from the Global Burden of Disease Study in 2019. The age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and age-standardized death rate (ASDR) of the 29 cancer groups were calculated based on sex, age, region, and country. In addition, separate analyses were performed for major cancer types. RESULTS In 2019, more than 10 million people died from cancer, which was approximately twice the number in 1990. Tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancers collectively showed the highest death rate, and the ASDR of pancreatic cancer increased by 24%, which was cancer with the highest case fatality rate (CFR). The global cancer ASIR showed an increasing trend, with testicular cancer, thyroid cancer, and malignant skin melanoma showing a significant increase. The ASDR and ASIR of cancer in males were about 1.5 times higher than that in females. Individuals over 50 years had the highest risk of developing cancer, with incidences and deaths in this age group accounting for more than 85% of cancers in all age groups. Asia has the heaviest cancer burden due to its high population density, with esophageal cancer in this region accounting for 53% of the total fatalities related to this type of cancer in the world. In addition, the mortality and morbidity of most cancers increased with the increase in the development or socio-demographic index (SDI) in the SDI regions based on the World Bank's Human Development Index (HDI), with cancer characteristics varying in the different countries globally. CONCLUSIONS The global cancer burden continues to increase, with substantial mortality and morbidity differences among the different regions, ages, countries, gender, and cancer types. Effective and locally tailored cancer prevention and control measures are essential in reducing the global cancer burden in the future.

Global, regional, and national cancer incidence and death for 29 cancer groups in 2019 and trends analysis of the global cancer burden, 1990-2019.

Global challenges and policy solutions in breast cancer control.

Breast cancer is the leading cancer diagnosis and second most common cause of cancer deaths in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Yet, there are few population-level survival data from Africa and none on the survival differences by stage at diagnosis. Here, we estimate breast cancer survival within SSA by area, stage and country-level human development index (HDI). We obtained data on a random sample of 2,588 breast cancer incident cases, diagnosed in 2008-2015 from 14 population-based cancer registries in 12 countries (Benin, Cote d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mali, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Seychelles, South Africa, Uganda and Zimbabwe) through the African Cancer Registry Network. Of these, 2,311 were included for survival analyses. The 1-, 3- and 5-year observed and relative survival (RS) were estimated by registry, stage and country-level HDI. We equally estimated the excess hazards adjusting for potential confounders. Among patients with known stage, 64.9% were diagnosed in late stages, with 18.4% being metastatic at diagnosis. The RS varied by registry, ranging from 21.6%(8.2-39.8) at Year 3 in Bulawayo to 84.5% (70.6-93.5) in Namibia. Patients diagnosed at early stages had a 3-year RS of 78% (71.6-83.3) in contrast to 40.3% (34.9-45.7) at advanced stages (III and IV). The overall RS at Year 1 was 86.1% (84.4-87.6), 65.8% (63.5-68.1) at Year 3 and 59.0% (56.3-61.6) at Year 5. Age at diagnosis was not independently associated with increased mortality risk after adjusting for the effect of stage and country-level HDI. In conclusion, downstaging breast cancer at diagnosis and improving access to quality care could be pivotal in improving breast cancer survival outcomes in Africa.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ijc.32406

Cervical cancer survival in sub-Saharan Africa by age, stage at diagnosis and Human Development Index: A population-based registry study.

With the cancer burden rising in sub-Saharan Africa, countries in the region need surveillance systems to measure the magnitude of the problem and monitor progress in cancer control planning. Based on the national estimates built from data provided by cancer registries in sub-Saharan Africa, we summarise key patterns of the regional burden and argue for investments in locally produced data.To present national estimates of the cancer incidence and mortality burden in sub-Saharan Africa countries, new cancer cases and deaths were extracted from International Agency for Research on Cancers' GLOBOCAN database for the year 2020. Given weak vital statistics systems, almost all of the information on the cancer burden in sub-Saharan Africa was derived from population-based cancer registries. Of the 48 countries included in GLOBOCAN (national populations must be larger than 150 000 inhabitants in 2020), relatively recent cancer registry data (up to 2019) were directly used to produce national incidence estimates in 25 countries, while the absence of such data for 16 meant that estimates were based on data from neighbouring countries. Tables and figures present the estimated numbers of new cases and deaths, as well as age-standardised (incidence or mortality) rates per 100 000 person-years and the cumulative risk of developing or dying from cancer before the age of 75 years.801 392 new cancer cases and 520 158 cancer deaths were estimated to have occurred in sub-Saharan Africa in 2020. Cancers of the breast (129 400 female cases) and cervix (110 300 cases) were responsible for three in ten of the cancers diagnosed in both sexes. Breast and cervical cancer were the most common cancers, ranking first in 28 and 19 countries, respectively. In men, prostate cancer led in terms of incidence (77 300 cases), followed by liver cancer (24 700 cases) and colorectal cancer (23 400 cases). Prostate cancer was the leading incident cancer in men in 40 sub-Saharan Africa countries. The risk of a woman in sub-Saharan Africa developing cancer by the age of 75 years was 14·1%, with breast cancer (4·1%) and cervical cancer (3·5%) responsible for half of this risk. For men, the corresponding cumulative incidence was lower (12·2%), with prostate cancer responsible for a third of this risk (4·2%). Cervical cancer was the leading form of cancer death among women in 27 countries, followed by breast cancer (21 countries). Prostate cancer led as the most common type of cancer death in 26 countries, with liver cancer ranking second (11 countries).The estimates indicate substantial geographical variations in the major cancers in sub-Saharan Africa. Rational cancer control planning requires capacity to be built for data production, analysis, and interpretation within the countries themselves. Cancer registries provide important information in this respect and should be prioritised for sustainable investment in the region.None. 

Cancer in sub-Saharan Africa in 2020: a review of current estimates of the national burden, data gaps, and future needs.

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Cervical cancer survival in sub-Saharan Africa by age, stage at diagnosis and Human Development Index: A population-based registry study.

Cancer in sub-Saharan Africa in 2020: a review of current estimates of the national burden, data gaps, and future needs.