The confidence-building measures (CBMs) under the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) have been only moderately successful in enhancing transparency because of the limited participation of state parties and the poor quality of the data provided. In the absence of a verification protocol for the treaty, the CBMs constitute the primary means by which most treaty members can gain information useful for evaluating whether states are abiding by their treaty obligations. Given their importance, the CBMs need to be refashioned: in some areas the measures should be expanded to cover additional categories of life sciences activities directly relevant to treaty compliance and in other areas trimmed back to allow other organizations to handle activities closely related to their core missions and capabilities. This article explains the importance and function of transparency in the context of dual-use activities, reviews the evolution and the current status of the CBMs, identifies gaps and redundancies in the coverag...

IMPROVING TRANSPARENCY: Revisiting and Revising the BWC's Confidence-Building Measures

Extraits edites de An Outline of IFLA's History (Une Ebauche de l'Histoire de l'IFLA - International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions) de Joachim Wieder, publies dans IFLA's First Fifty Years : achievments and challenge in international librarianship (Les cinquantes premieres annees de l'IFLA : performance et challenge en bibliotheconomie internationale) edite par Wilhelm R. H. Koops et Joachim Wieder (Munchen, Verlag Dokumentation, 1977. IFLA Publications, 10. ISBN 3-7940-4430-4 o.p.). Ces extraits exposent les debuts de l'IFLA (1926-1930) ainsi que la resolution adoptee par la 50eme Conference Anniversaire de l'Association (Britannique) Bibliothecaire d'Edinburgh en 1927 afin d'instituer un Comite International de Bibliotheconomie. Une description est faite du developpement de l'IFLA dans les annees 1930 et au cours de la 2eme Guerre Mondiale ainsi que pendant la periode subsequente de reconstruction (1939-1951). Entre 1952 et 1969 on a assiste a une periode de reorganisation radicale et a une crise de croissance (1952-1969) qui a abouti a la creation d'un Secretariat Central et de son installation a La Haye en 1970. Sont enonces les principaux evenements, les mesures adoptees et les innovations qui ont eu lieu au cours des sept annees qui ont precede le cinquantieme anniversaire de l'IFLA en 1977. Ces extraits constituent egalement une introduction et un arriere-plan a IFLA : l'Universalite de la Bibliotheconomie dans un Monde Divise, par Harry C. Campbell (IFLA Journal 28 (2002) N°3, p. 118-135) qui couvre le developpement de l'IFLA de 1997 a 2002. Les deux articles sont publies en commemoration du 75eme anniversaire de l'IFLA en 2002.

IFLA's first fifty years: a reprise

An important problem with serials is bibliographic control. What good does it do for libraries to select, acquire, record, catalog, and bind large holdings of serial publications if the contents of those serials remain a mystery to all except the few who have the opportunity to examine selected journals of continuing personal interest and have discovered some magic way of retaining the gist of the contents? Bibliographic control is the indexing and abstracting of the contents or guts of what is included in the serials. It is this control, provided by secondary publishing services, which this article will discuss. Just as there are problems with serials in general, there are some easily identifiable problems connected with their bibliographic control including: volume, overlap, costs, elements and methods, and a few other miscellaneous considerations. Some history of bibliographic control will also put the current problems in a helpful perspective. Hereafter "bibliographic control" will be designated by the term "abstracting and indexing," one of these alone, or the shorter "a & i." (I do distinguish between abstracting and indexing and believe that they are not in order of importance and difficulty.) Although a & i do provide bibliographic control, this paper will not discuss cataloging, tables of contents, back-of-the-book indexes, year-end indexes, cumulative indexes, lists of advertisers, or bibliographies. If there is to be control, there must always be indexing. Abstracting is a short cut, a convenience, and perhaps a bibliographic luxury which may be now, or is fast becoming, too rich, in light of other factors to be discussed, for library blood and for the users of libraries especially for the users of indexes who may not depend upon the library interface. Abstracting, though, provides a desirable control, and one which will continue to be advocated.

Bibliographic Control of Serial Publications

United Nations technical assistance and documentation

International congress of libraries and documentation centres

FEDERATION INTERNATIONALE DE DOCUMENTATION : FID/S "Mechanical Selection" : Report : 22nd Conference Brussels, 8-18 September 1955 : Reports on the 22nd Conference of the FID

Summary record of the 3rd meeting of the DOCUMENTATION COMMITTEE, AGARD : The Hague, 1954

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International congress of libraries and documentation centres

FEDERATION INTERNATIONALE DE DOCUMENTATION : FID/S "Mechanical Selection" : Report : 22nd Conference Brussels, 8-18 September 1955 : Reports on the 22nd Conference of the FID

Summary record of the 3rd meeting of the DOCUMENTATION COMMITTEE, AGARD : The Hague, 1954