Recent advances in nano-engineered approaches used for enzyme immobilization with enhanced activity

In recent years, high-yield production has gained importance due to the decrease in agricultural fields in the world and the rapid increase in the population. Cotton is an important source of incom...

Economic Impacts of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) Cotton

Annually, the cost of insect pest control in agriculture crosses billions of dollars around the world. Until recently, broad-spectrum synthetic pesticides were considered as the most effective means of pest control in agriculture. However, over the years, the overreliance on pesticides has caused adverse effects on beneficial insects, human health and the environment, and has led to the development of pesticide resistant insects. There is a critical need for the development of alternative pest management strategies aiming for minimum use of pesticides and conservation of natural enemies for maintaining the ecological balance of the environment. Host plant resistance plays a vital role in integrated pest management but the development of insect-resistant varieties through conventional ways of host plant resistance takes time, and is challenging as it involves many quantitative traits positioned at various loci. Biotechnological approaches such as gene editing, gene transformation, marker-assisted selection etc. in this direction have recently opened up a new era of insect control options. These could contribute towards about exploring a much wider array of novel insecticidal genes that would otherwise be beyond the scope of conventional breeding. Biotechnological interventions can alter the gene expression level and pattern as well as the development of transgenic varieties with insecticidal genes and can improve pest management by providing access to novel molecules. This review will discuss the emerging biotechnological tools available to develop insect-resistant engineered crop genotypes with a better ability to resist the attack of insect pests.

/pdf/biotechnological-approaches-for-host-plant-resistance-to-2u0gneg7.pdf

Biotechnological Approaches for Host Plant Resistance to Insect Pests

Insect predation problem in agriculture and forestry has challenged researchers worldwide to identify newer eco-friendly insecticides. Among them Bacillus thuringiensis δ-endotoxin (Bt) has been the most widely used commercial insecticide till date. The advantages of Bt as a “green” insecticide are its high specificity to target insects (it is nontoxic to mammals, birds and even to most beneficial insects) and the slow rate of development of resistance against it by insects. This toxin used either in the form of bio formulations or through its expression in crop plants, is found to be sensitive against insect pests belonging to the family Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Diptera. However, the sap sucking homopteran group of insects generally remain insensitive to Bt toxin and show susceptibility to various plant lectins when fed with artificial diet or through expression in transgenic plants. This review demonstrates the insecticidal potential of some candidate proteins and their possible mode of action by identifying their target molecules in insects’ tissue. We also provide an overview of the applicability of these proteins in crop protection.

Natural insecticidal proteins, the promising bio-control compounds for future crop protection

Phytophagous insect incidence is a serious threat for reduction of crop productivity globally. There is an estimation of one fourth of crop is being destroyed by insects annually. Indeed, the development of insect-resistant crops is a great milestone in agriculture to increase crop yield and reduce pesticide dependency. Genetic engineering facilitates development of insect resistant crops by expressing bacterial δ-endotoxins and vegetative insecticidal proteins and other plant genes like lectins, protease inhibitors, etc. In addition, RNA interference and genome editing through CRISPR Cas9 also provides new solutions for the development of insect-resistant crops. The resultant genetically modified crops showed resistance against lepidopteran, dipteran, homopteran and coleopteran insects. The insect-resistant crops have made a significant economic impact worldwide in terms of higher yield and low pesticide usage. In this review, we focus on different strategies for developing transgenics against insect pest control by expressing different insecticidal proteins in crops.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12038-020-00081-y.pdf

Genetic engineering of crops for insect resistance: An overview

Cotton is the main fiber producing crop globally, with a significant impact on the economy of Pakistan. Bt cotton expressing a Cry1Ac gene is grown over a large area in Pakistan, however, there is a major concern that bollworms may develop resistance. Here we have used a durable resistance strategy against bollworms by developing a double gene construct containing Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab (pGA482-12R) for cotton transformation. Both Cry toxin genes have been cloned in the same T-DNA borders and transferred successfully into cotton via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Both genes are expressed in transgenic cotton plants and is likely to help breeders in developing new cotton cultivars by incorporating these genes in cotton lines having no Bt genes or expressing Cry1Ac gene (Mon 531). Positive transgenic cotton was identified by PCR using specific primers for the amplification of both Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab genes. Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab expression was confirmed with an immunostrip test and quantified using ELISA that showed significant spatio-temporal expression of Cry2Ab ranging from 3.28 to 7.72 µg/g of the tissue leaf. Insect bioassay with army worm (Spodoptera litura) was performed to check the efficacy of NIBGE (National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering) double gene transgenic cotton plants and up to 93% insect mortality was observed.

/pdf/development-and-evaluation-of-double-gene-transgenic-cotton-1sfn180ak3.pdf

Development and evaluation of double gene transgenic cotton lines expressing Cry toxins for protection against chewing insect pests.

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Development and evaluation of double gene transgenic cotton lines expressing Cry toxins for protection against chewing insect pests.