Living in an oxygenated environment has required the evolution of effective cellular strategies to detect and detoxify metabolites of molecular oxygen known as reactive oxygen species. Here we review evidence that the appropriate and inappropriate production of oxidants, together with the ability of organisms to respond to oxidative stress, is intricately connected to ageing and life span.

Oxidants, oxidative stress and the biology of ageing.

Diabetes-specific microvascular disease is a leading cause of blindness, renal failure and nerve damage, and diabetes-accelerated atherosclerosis leads to increased risk of myocardial infarction, stroke and limb amputation. Four main molecular mechanisms have been implicated in glucose-mediated vascular damage. All seem to reflect a single hyperglycaemia-induced process of overproduction of superoxide by the mitochondrial electron-transport chain. This integrating paradigm provides a new conceptual framework for future research and drug discovery.

http://www.chem.uwec.edu/Chem454/BiochemDiabetes.pdf

Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications

Conservation evaluation and phylogenetic diversity

▪ Abstract As better phylogenetic hypotheses become available for many groups of organisms, studies in community ecology can be informed by knowledge of the evolutionary relationships among coexisting species. We note three primary approaches to integrating phylogenetic information into studies of community organization: 1. examining the phylogenetic structure of community assemblages, 2. exploring the phylogenetic basis of community niche structure, and 3. adding a community context to studies of trait evolution and biogeography. We recognize a common pattern of phylogenetic conservatism in ecological character and highlight the challenges of using phylogenies of partial lineages. We also review phylogenetic approaches to three emergent properties of communities: species diversity, relative abundance distributions, and range sizes. Methodological advances in phylogenetic supertree construction, character reconstruction, null models for community assembly and character evolution, and metrics of community ...

/pdf/phylogenies-and-community-ecology-52euwskuu7.pdf

Phylogenies and Community Ecology

Contemporary mate preferences can provide important clues to human reproductive history. Little is known about which characteristics people value in potential mates. Five predictions were made about sex differences in human mate preferences based on evolutionary conceptions of parental investment, sexual selection, human reproductive capacity, and sexual asymmetries regarding certainty of paternity versus maternity. The predictions centered on how each sex valued earning capacity, ambition— industriousness, youth, physical attractiveness, and chastity. Predictions were tested in data from 37 samples drawn from 33 countries located on six continents and five islands (total N = 10,047). For 27 countries, demographic data on actual age at marriage provided a validity check on questionnaire data. Females were found to value cues to resource acquisition in potential mates more highly than males. Characteristics signaling reproductive capacity were valued more by males than by females. These sex differences may reflect different evolutionary selection pressures on human males and females; they provide powerful cross-cultural evidence of current sex differences in reproductive strategies. Discussion focuses on proximate mechanisms underlying mate preferences, consequences for human intrasexual competition, and the limitations of this study.

/pdf/sex-differences-in-human-mate-preferences-evolutionary-227sbaq8b2.pdf

Sex differences in human mate preferences: Evolutionary hypotheses tested in 37 cultures

ABSTRACT The caponad spider genus Nopsides Chamberlin was established on the basis of juvenile specimens from Isla Cerralvo in the Gulf of California. Adult males and females of the type (and only known) species, N. ceralbonus Chamberlin, are described for the first time, and the species is newly recorded from the Mexican mainland as well as the Baja peninsula. These animals are nopines (i.e., have subsegmented tarsi), can easily be recognized by their unique eye pattern (with four eyes in two widely separated rows), and are notable for the modifications of the inferior claws. In both sexes, the inferior claw is greatly elongated on legs I and II, but is missing entirely on legs III and IV. A single juvenile specimen, reportedly taken in Peru, shares these somatic characters and suggests that the genus might be more widespread. In a supplement, the genus Amrishoonops Makhan and Ezzatpanah is placed as a junior synonym of the anapid genus Pseudanapis Simon.

The haplogyne spider genus Nopsides (Araneae, Caponiidae), with notes on Amrishoonops. (American Museum novitates, no. 3708)

A revision of the spider genus Zorocrates Simon (Araneae, Zorocratidae) ; American Museum novitates, no. 3579

A new genus, Pseudodysderina, is established for a group of species that resemble those of Dysderina Simon in having grooves connecting both the anterior and posterior spiracles. These spiders have transverse ridges on the sternum but lack the sternal excavations that characterize Dysderina and are instead united by the highly modified mouthparts of males: the labium is greatly enlarged, with a dorsoventrally flat, posterior portion that extends far posterior of the anterolateral corners of the sternum, and the endites are each deeply excavated, medially around the sides of the labium and laterally around the base of the palpal trochanter. Dysderina desultrix (Keyserling), from Peru, is transferred to Pseudodysderina and chosen as the type species; its male is described for the first time. This species has been taken by canopy fogging and beating foliage as well as in leaf litter, and appears to be widespread in the Amazonian portions of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil. Seven more narrowly di...

/pdf/the-south-american-goblin-spiders-of-the-new-genera-41ntr2ukfm.pdf

The South American Goblin Spiders of the New Genera Pseudodysderina and Tinadysderina (Araneae, Oonopidae)

Thespider genusPlatyoides 0.P.-Cambridge, previously placed withthehemicloeine gnaphosoids, isassigned tothefamily Trochanteriidae Karschonthebasis oftheelongated fourth trochanters andlaterally divergent chelicerae. The14 knownspecies arediagnosed, described, andillustrated. Ninespecific namesarenewlysynonymized: P.abrahami 0.P.-Cambridge, P.bottegi Pavesi, P.laterigradus Pocock, P.separatus 0.P.Cambridge, P.simoni0.P.-Cambridge, andP. bidentifer Strand, allwithP.walteri (Karsch); P. beta Lawrence withP.alpha Lawrence; P.pusilliformis TuckerwithP.pusillus Pocock; andP. lawrencei Lessert withP.leppanae Pocock. The malesofP.pusillus PocockandP.grandidieri Simon aredescribed forthefirst time.Fivenew species aredescribed: P.rossi andP.pirie from SouthAfrica, P.velonus andP.mailaka from Madagascar, andP.venturus fromtheCanary Islands.

Studies on Malagasy spiders. 2, The family Trochanteriidae (Araneae, Gnaphosoidea), with a revision of the genus Platyoides.

A review of the ground spider genus Scotognapha (Araneae, Gnaphosidae), and its radiation on the Canary and Salvage Islands. American Museum novitates ; no. 3338

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