The assessment of creep damage in steels employed in the power generation industry is usually carried out by means of replica metallography, but the several shortcomings of this method have prompted a search for alternative or complementary non-destructive techniques, ranging from ultrasonic to electromagnetic methods, hardness measurements and nuclear techniques. A critical review of the main results obtained to date in the secondary and tertiary stages of creep is presented in this paper, and the advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed. Ultrasonic and potential drop techniques appear to be the most promising, but further research is needed before they are fully mature for deployment in the field.

A review of non-destructive techniques for the detection of creep damage in power plant steels

A review of fatigue damage detection and measurement techniques

Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of materials for characterising various key microstructural features, mechanical properties (tension, creep, fatigue crack growth, hardness and fracture toughness), deformation and damage mechanisms has attracted considerable attention in the past 20 years as a primary step towards ensuring structural integrity of components. However, until recently, the correlations between the various NDE parameters and material properties have been only empirical and based on physical principles. The interaction between the NDE probing medium and the mechanical behaviour is not yet fully understood. The purpose of this review is to discuss the progress made in the application of non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques in evaluating various microstructural features and mechanical properties with emphasis on recent studies. Reinterpretation of older data, in the light of present understanding of the interaction of the NDE probing medium with material parameters, is carried out selectively. The NDT techniques evaluated include acoustic emission, ultrasonic attenuation and velocity, magnetic hysteresis parameters, magnetic Barkhausen emission, acoustic Barkhausen emission, laser interferometry, positron annihilation, X-ray diffraction and small angle neutron scattering. Critical assessments of the applicability of the various NDE techniques for the material parameters are provided.

Assessment of microstructures and mechanical behaviour of metallic materials through non-destructive characterisation

It is important to identify residual strength against fatigue damage to ensure the structural integrity of plant components subjected to cyclic loading. In this study, the degree of fatigue damage induced in Type 316 stainless steel was estimated from the local change in crystal orientation (local misorientation) measured by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Crystal orientations were identified by scanning the surfaces of samples that had been subjected to a fatigue test or a tensile test. The magnitude of the averaged local misorientation, Mave, increased as the strain amplitude and the number of cycles increased, and the relationship between strain amplitude, number of cycles and Mave was obtained. Moreover, from the correlation between Mave and another parameter, MCD, which reflects the average of the orientation spread within the grains, it was shown to be possible to distinguish whether damage was caused by cyclic loading or monotonic loading. Further investigation of the local misorientation revealed that the amplitude of fatigue loading could be estimated from the statistical distribution of local misorientation averaged for each grain. It was concluded that fatigue damage (residual fatigue strength) could be quantified by EBSD measurements using the estimated strain amplitude and the relationship between strain amplitude, number of cycles and Mave. [doi:10.2320/matertrans.M2011014]

/pdf/fatigue-damage-evaluation-using-electron-backscatter-49z6fywn9z.pdf

Fatigue Damage Evaluation Using Electron Backscatter Diffraction

In order to non-destructively evaluate the degree of fatigue damage in type 316 stainless steel, frequently used in the primary system of nuclear power plants, positron annihilation lineshape analysis and β+-γ coincidence positron lifetime measurement were applied. In positron annihilation lineshape analysis, an energy spread of annihilation gamma ray peak was measured and expressed as the S-parameter. In positron lifetime measurement, mean lifetime analysis and two-component analysis were conducted. As a result, the S-parameter and the mean lifetime increased monotonously with fatigue life ratio. Strain-controlled fatigue increased more at the early stage of fatigue than stress-controlled fatigue. The S-parameter in the both stress- and strain-controlled fatigue reached almost the same value at the end of fatigue, and also the mean lifetime in the both stress- and strain-controlled fatigue reached almost the same value at the end of fatigue. In two-component analysis of positron lifetime measurement, the...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/18811248.2002.9715291

Fatigue Evaluation of Type 316 Stainless Steel Using Positron Annihilation Lineshape Analysis and β^+-γ Coincidence Positron Lifetime Measurement

Application of positron annihilation line-shape analysis to fatigue damage for nuclear plant materials

Optimization of operation and maintenance of nuclear power plant by probabilistic fracture mechanics

Calculation for Risk Informed Inspection and Cost Effective Maintenance Using Probabilistic Fracture Mechanics

Fundamental study on applications of damage mechanics to evaluation of material degradation

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Application of positron annihilation line-shape analysis to fatigue damage for nuclear plant materials

Optimization of operation and maintenance of nuclear power plant by probabilistic fracture mechanics

Calculation for Risk Informed Inspection and Cost Effective Maintenance Using Probabilistic Fracture Mechanics

Fundamental study on applications of damage mechanics to evaluation of material degradation