habitats of Namibia, Southwest Africa, one of the world's driest countries. The ciliate, respectively, their resting cysts, were re-activated from air-dried samples using the non-flooded Petri dish method. Species were determined by combining live observations, silver impregnation, and scanning electron microscopy. A total of 365 species were identified, of which 128 (35%) were undescribed, including a new order and suborder, three new families, and 34 new genera and subgenera. These new and many insufficiently known taxa, altogether more than 200 species and subspecies and over 300 populations, are described in the present monograph (see chapter 3.2.1 for a summary of names and nomenclatural acts); 800 type slides have been deposited in (LI). Further, ontogenesis was investigated in 20 species. The Namibian soil ciliate community shows some remarkable differences to the world community. Specifically, raptorious gymnostomatids and filamentous cyanobacteria feeding nassulids are over-represented, while hypotrichs and peritrichs are underrepresented. Nassulids obviously profit from the cyanobacteria covering wide areas of the Etosha region and the crust soils in the arid areas. Hypotrichs are more kthan r-selected and thus cannot develop optimally in the harsh Namibian climate. Likewise, the sandy soils are disadvantageous for sessile peritrichs. Generally, however, the Namibian soil ciliate biota are unexpectedly rich, that is, more diverse than those from central Europe, likely because they had at least 55 million years to evolve adapted populations and species. 200 of the 365 ciliate species identified occur at only one or two sites, showing a very patchy distribution of most species and a high proportion of possibly rare species. Most of the 11 most frequent (> 40%) species are common in soils globally, except for Exocolpoda augustini, which is adapted to hyperarid conditions by a special life cycle and an extraordinarily thick-walled (dormant) resting cyst. Using total species numbers and the proportions of undescribed species, four local ciliate diversity centres were discovered: Etosha region (19 samples with 216 species, of which 61 were undescribed); dune sea Namib Desert (15 samples with 150 species, of which 32 were undescribed); Aloe dichotoma forest and Bukaos River floodplain near the town of Keetmanshoop (2 samples each with 11 new species); road puddles in the Bambatsi Guest Farm (1 sample with 126 identified and 15 unidentified species, of which at least 40 were undescribed). We estimate that there are about 1000 soil ciliate species in Namibia, of which 350 are undescribed, including an unknown number of endemic species. Thus, our monograph contains only one third of the species actually living in the highly diverse terrestrial habitats of this country. We show that there must be many more free-living ciliate species globally than the 3000 estimated by FlNLAY. His estimation is flawed by biased literature evaluation, doubtful synonymies, unusual taxonomic practices and, partially, false theoretical concepts. Undersampling is the key to understanding protist diversity. K e y w o r d s : Adaptation, ciliate ecology, ciliate systematics, ciliate taxonomy, ciliate endemism, ciliate biodiversity, global number of free-living ciliates, neotypification, new species, ontogenesis, saline desert, dune desert, undersampling.

Soil ciliates (protozoa, ciliophora) from Namibia (Southwest Africa), with emphasis on two contrasting environments, the Etosha Region and the Namib Desert

An updated compilation of world soil ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora), with ecological notes, new records, and descriptions of new species

In the present study, Pseudocohnilembus persalinus was first reported as a species causing scuticociliatosis in olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Based on the stained specimens, P. persalinus was clearly differentiated from Uronema marinum, which has been shown to be a cause of scuticociliatosis in farmed olive flounder in Korea from its characteristic oral infraciliature structure. The 1754 bp small subunit ribosomal RNA (SS rRNA) gene sequence of P. persalinus showed 95% homology with the partial sequence of P. hargisi SS rRNA. Moreover, multiplex PCR based on the species-specific amplification of the SS rRNA gene sequence enabled us to distinguish P. persalinus from U. marinum in a simple and rapid manner. P. persalinus was clearly differentiated from U. marinum even when the host was infected simultaneously with both species. These data suggest that the multiplex PCR procedure would make it possible to avoid the cumbersome and time-consuming procedures of morphological analysis for the definitive identification of ciliates.

/pdf/pseudocohnilembus-persalinus-ciliophora-scuticociitida-is-an-q5mmjvq9eg.pdf

Pseudocohnilembus persalinus (Ciliophora: Scuticociitida) is an additional species causing scuticociliatosis in olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus.

The morphology, infraciliature and silverline system of 7 marine scuticociliates including two new species are described: Pleuronema coronatum Kent, 1881, Cohnilembus verminus Müller, 1786, Philasterides armatalis p. n., Pseudocohnilembus persalinus Evans & Thompson, 1964, Porpostoma notatum Möbius, 1888, Cyclidium varibonneti sp. n. and Ancistrum crassum Fenchel, 1965. The new species, Philasterides armatalis is identified by the following characteristics: in vivo 50-80 x 18-25 μm with roundly pointed apical end and one prolonged caudal cilium; oral field about 1/3 of cell length; buccal apparatus with distinctly bipartite paroral me mb ne, 16-18 somatic kinety, one macroand one micronucleus; single contractile vacuole caudally located, marine form. The diagnosis of the ew species, Cyclidium varibonneti : small marine Cyclidium in vivo 15-25 x 10-15 μm with two macronuclei; buccal field about 3/4 of cell length; contractile vacuole caudally located near ventral margin; 11-13 bipolar somatic kineties, of which the posterior end of SKn is c nspicuously shortened and that of SKn-1 is composed of densely spaced kinetosomes. Based on the data obtained, the following species are co nsidered to be junior synonyms: Pseudocohnilembus longisetus Evans & Thompson, 1964 and P. marinus Thompson, 1966 (= P. persalinus Evans & Thompson, 1964); Lembus punctatus Kahl, 1928 and Lembus reesi Kahl, 1931 [= Cohnilembus verminus (Müller, 1786)].

Morphological and taxonomical studies on some marine scuticociliates from China Sea, with description of two new species, Philasterides armatalis sp.n. and Cyclidium varibonneti sp.n. [Protozoa: Ciliophora: Scuticociliatida]

A taxonomic and nomenclatural revision of Sladecek's et al. (1981) and Wegl's (1983) lists of ciliates (Protozoa: Ciliophora) as indicators of water quality has been performed. The original reference, important synonyms, and modern taxonomic literature are provided for each of the 378 taxa recognized. The results of this revision are summarized in a table which shows the correct (modern) name, author, and date of publication of each species as well as its saprobity, its saprobic valency, its indicative weight, and its saprobic index.

Taxonomic and nomenclatural revision of Sládeček's list of ciliates (Protozoa: Ciliophora) as indicators of water quality

Three species of Pseudocohnilembus were examined with respect to infraciliature and the silverline system. The freshwater species P. putrinus and P. pusillus exhibited no differences in general organization of the argyrophilic structures when compared with the marine P. marinus. A review of the Pseudocohnilembus species that have been described on the basis of silver preparations shows that at present four species have been well characterized: P. pusillus (Quennerstedt, 1869) nov. comb., P. putrinus (Kahl, 1928) nov. comb., P. hargisi Evans & Thompson, 1964, and P. marinus Thompson, 1966, P. persalinus Evans & Thompson, 1964 and P. longiseta Evans & Thompson, 1964 are regarded as identical with the older known P. pusillus, because with respect to morphology and argyrophilic structures they are within the range of variability of that species; and their names thus fall as synonyms of P. pusillus.

A Comparative Study of the Infraciliature and Silverline System of the Fresh‐Water Scuticociliates Pseudocohnilembus putrinus (Kahl, 1928) nov. comb., P. pusillus (Quennerstedt, 1869) nov. comb., and the Marine Form P. marinus Thompson, 19661

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A Comparative Study of the Infraciliature and Silverline System of the Fresh‐Water Scuticociliates Pseudocohnilembus putrinus (Kahl, 1928) nov. comb., P. pusillus (Quennerstedt, 1869) nov. comb., and the Marine Form P. marinus Thompson, 19661