Phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs) are known as bacteria or fungi that make insoluble phosphorus in soil available to plants. To date, as beneficial microbes, studies on PSMs indicated they have potential applications in agriculture, environmental engineering, bioremediation, and biotechnology. Currently high cost and competition from local microbe are the most important factors hindering PSMs commercialization and application as for instance biofertilizer, soil conditioner or remediation agent, etc. There are several technical strategies can be engaged to approach the solutions of these issues, for instance mass production, advance soil preparation, genetic engineering, etc. On the other hand, further studies are needed to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of PSMs in solubilizing phosphates, promoting plant growth, soil remediation preferably. Hopefully, PSMs are going to be developed into ecofriendly tools for sustainable agriculture, environment protection and management in the future.

/pdf/phosphorus-solubilizing-microorganisms-potential-promoters-rycg2eei.pdf

Phosphorus solubilizing microorganisms: potential promoters of agricultural and environmental engineering

Abstract Biochar has a large specific surface area, well-developed pore structure, abundant surface functional groups, and superior nutrient supply capacity, which is widely available and environmentally friendly with its advantages in waste resource utilization, heavy metal(loid) remediation, and carbon storage. This review focuses on the interactions between biochar (including raw biochar, functional biochar (modified/ engineered/ designer biochar), and composite biochar) and rhizosphere during the remediation of soil contaminated with heavy metal(loid)s (Pb, As, Cd, Hg, Co, Cu, Ni, Zn, Cr, etc.) and the effects of these interactions on the microbial communities and root exudates (enzymes and low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs)). In terms of microorganisms, biochar affects the composition, diversity, and structure of microbial communities through the supply of nutrients, provision of microbial colonization sites, immobilization of heavy metal(loid)s, and introduction of exogenous microorganisms. With regard to root exudates, biochar provides electron transfer support between the microorganisms and exudates, regulates the secretion of enzymes to resist the oxidative stress stimulated by heavy metal(loid)s, ameliorates rhizosphere acidification caused by LMWOAs, and promotes the activity of soil enzymes. The roles and mechanisms of biochar on rhizosphere soils are discussed, as well as the challenges of biochar in the remediation of heavy metal(loid)-contaminated soils, and the issues that need to be addressed in future research are foreseen. Graphical Abstract 

A critical review of the interactions between rhizosphere and biochar during the remediation of metal(loid) contaminated soils

The phosphate-mineralizing bacteria (PMBs) has shown great potential as a sustainable solution to support pollution remediation through its induced mineralization capacity. However, few studies have been conducted on the mechanism of cadmium (Cd) tolerance in PMBs. In this study, a PMB strain, Enterobacter sp. PMB-5, screened from Cd-contaminated rhizosphere soil, has high resistance to Cd (540 - 1220 mg/L) and solubilized phosphate (232.08 mg/L). The removal experiments showed that the strain PMB-5 removed 71.69-98.24% and 34.83-76.36% of Cd with and without biomineralization, respectively. The characterization result of SEM, EDS, TEM, XPS and XRD revealed that PMB-5 induced Cd to form amorphous phosphate precipitation through biomineralization and adopted different survival strategies, including biomineralization, bioaccumulation, and biosorption to resistance Cd in the microbial induced phosphate precipitation (MIPP) system and the non-MIPP system, respectively. Moreover, the results of whole genome sequencing and qRT-PCR indicated that phosphorus metabolism genes such as pst, pit, phn, ugp, ppk, etc. and heavy metal tolerance genes (including ion transport, ion efflux, redox, antioxidant stress), such as czcD, zntA, mgtA, mgtC, katE, SOD2, dsbA, cysM, etc. were molecular for the PMB-5 mineralization and Cd tolerance of PMB-5. Together, our findings suggested Enterobacter sp. PMB-5 is a potential target for developing more effective bioinoculants for Cd contamination remediation. 

Different survival strategies of the phosphate-mineralizing bacterium Enterobacter sp. PMB-5 in response to cadmium stress: Biomineralization, biosorption, and bioaccumulation.

Biochar-based bacteria are regarded as an efficient strategy for remediating organic pollutants in aquatic environments. Herein, a strain named Acinetobacter YH0317 that could degrade bensulfuron-methyl (BSM) at a lower temperature (15 °C) was isolated from a paddy rice field with long-term BSM application. Then Acinetobacter YH0317 was loaded on unmodified biochar (BC) and boron doping biochar (BBC). Results showed that BBC-based YH0317 significantly enhanced the removal efficiency of BSM (71.8-99.1%) compared with BC-based YH0317 (41.9-44.0%) and YH0317 alone (18.1-20.7%) in 24 h. BBC promoted the growth of YH0317 and secretion of extracellular secretions by providing a carrier and shelter for YH0317. The electrochemical analysis suggested BBC improved the electron transfer rate, which ultimately facilitated the removal of BSM. Hydroponic experiments indicated that BBC-based YH0317 effectively improved the growth of soybean. This work reports a novel BBC-based Acinetobacter YH0317 that could effectively remediate BSM contamination in the water environment. 

Enhanced removal efficiency of bensulfuron-methyl by a novel boron doping biochar-based Acinetobacter YH0317 at a lower temperature.

Phosphorus-containing materials are effective in remediating heavy metal-contaminated soil. However, the excessive release of phosphorus could become a new environmental risk. On the basis of the concept of developing slow-release soil passivators from phosphorus-containing solid wastes, three materials—phosphoric acid-phosphate tailings (PPT), heat-treated PPT (H-PPT), and chitosan-coated PPT (C-PPT)—were successfully prepared from phosphate tailings (PT). The phosphorus in both H-PPT and C-PPT showed slow-release properties in aqueous solutions, and their release behaviors could be well fitted by the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. The stabilization efficiency of the slow-release materials for lead increased with the gradual release of phosphorus, with a maximum increase from 56.09% to 91.41%. In experiments simulating phosphorus loss, the slow-release materials H-PPT and C-PPT showed decreased phosphorus leaching concentrations (from 72.33 to 12.70 and 0.73 mg/L) and rates (from 10.01% to 1.69% and 0.43%) compared with those of PPT, significantly reducing the environmental risk. Meanwhile, the remediation process has to some extent improved the structure and function of the soil microbial community, which in turn has contributed to the stabilization of lead. Overall results suggest that PT-based slow-release materials may be an excellent strategy and technology for solving phosphorus loss because it achieves resource utilization of PT and solves the secondary pollution caused by the application of phosphorus-containing materials, thereby avoiding phosphorus pollution and improving the utilization of phosphorus resources. 

Phosphate tailings-based slow-release heavy metal passivation materials: Mechanism, environmental risk, and microbial community evolution

Biochar assists phosphate solubilizing bacteria to resist combined Pb and Cd stress by promoting acid secretion and extracellular electron transfer

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Biochar assists phosphate solubilizing bacteria to resist combined Pb and Cd stress by promoting acid secretion and extracellular electron transfer