Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction

The last edition of Tietz's Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry appeared more than ten years ago and survives as a dated but valuable reference. The successor to Fundamentals, Textbook of Clinical Chemistry , follows an outline similar to the original text but adds many new subjects and updates older topics. This has resulted in a text that is 50% larger than its predecessor. Much of the newer material centers on interpretation and understanding of data and its limitations. For example, more than 200 pages (compared with 50 pages) are dedicated to an introductory section entitled "Acquisition, Management, and Application of Laboratory Data," covering the use of reference ranges, statistics, quality assurance, method evaluation, and computers. The remaining introductory chapters discuss general procedures, instrumentation, and automation. Unfortunately, the chapter that discusses current automated instrumentation already has been outdated by equipment evolution and could have been incorporated into the chapter about general instrumentation principles.

Textbook of Clinical Chemistry

Use of spinach powder as functional ingredient in the manufacture of UF-Soft cheese

Moringa oleifera is rich in various active phyto-constituents (tannins, sterols, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, anthraquinones, alkaloids, and vitamins) in addition to different minerals in its leaves and seeds. Presence of these constituents is responsible for the antioxidant activity and the ability to protect against oxidative damage. Based on measurements of the cytotoxic activities, M. oleifera leaves were found to be more effective than the plant seeds. Therefore, the plant leaves were selected for preparation of silver plant nano-extract during the present study. The silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) were synthesized then characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM), ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements. Moreover, the in vitro antioxidants were assayed in M. oleifera leaves extract before and after incorporating Ag-NPs through measurement of total polyphenolic compounds and scavenging activities against free radicals in addition to the cytotoxic activity against growth of human colon carcinoma. Furthermore, the phenolic compounds were detected by gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer (GC/MS) and fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Also, the median lethal dose (LD50) of the extract and nano-extract was evaluated. It was showed that incorporation of Ag-NPs into the M. oleifera leaves extract enhanced the total antioxidant capacity, concentration of total polyphenolic compounds, reducing power and scavenging activity against attack of free radicals in addition to increasing the cytotoxicity against growth of colon cancer cells. This might be related to increasing the phenolic compounds as a result of incorporation of Ag-NPs and detected by the GC/MS and FT-IR analysis. It was found that there was no wide gap in the LD50 between M. oleifera leaves extract and silver nano-extract. The LD50 values of the M. oleifera leaves extract and silver nano-extract were about 14,250 and 13,750 mg/Kg, respectively. The study revealed that incorporation of Ag-NPs into the M. oleifera extract enhanced the in vitro antioxidative efficiency and might be related to increasing the phenolic compounds.

/pdf/evaluation-of-the-biological-activity-of-moringa-oleifera-4sb7d99pk3.pdf

Evaluation of the biological activity of Moringa oleifera leaves extract after incorporating silver nanoparticles, in vitro study

α-Bisabolol is one of the important monocyclic sesquiterpenes, derived naturally from essential oils of many edible and ornamental plants. It was first obtained from Matricaria chamomilla, commonly known as chamomile or German chamomile. The available literature indicates that this plant along with other α-Bisabolol containing plants is popularly used in traditional medicine for potential health benefits and general wellbeing. Nutritional studies are indicative of the health benefits of α-Bisabolol. Numerous experimental studies demonstrated pharmacological properties of α-Bisabolol including anticancer, antinociceptive, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, and antimicrobial. This review aims to collectively present different pharmacological activities based on both in vitro and in vivo studies. In the present review using synoptic tables and figures, we comprehensively present that α-Bisabolol possesses therapeutic and protective activities, therefore, it can be used for potential health benefits based on pharmacological effects, underlying molecular mechanism, and favorable pharmaceutical properties. Based on the studies mostly performed on cell lines or animal models, it is evident that α-Bisabolol may be a promising nutraceutical and phytomedicine to target aberrant biological mechanisms which result in altered physiological processes and various ailments. Given the polypharmacological effects and pleiotropic properties, along with favorable pharmacokinetics, and dietary availability and safety, α-Bisabolol can be used as a dietary agent, nutraceutical or phytopharmaceutical agent or as an adjuvant with currently available modern medicines. The regulatory approval of this molecule for use as food additives, and in cosmetics and fragrance industry is also supportive of its human usage. Moreover, further studies are necessary to address pharmaceutical, pharmacological, and toxicological aspects before clinical or nutritional usage in humans. The biological actions and health benefits open opportunities for pharmaceutical development with pharmacological basis of its use in future therapeutics.

/pdf/health-benefits-pharmacological-effects-molecular-mechanisms-1whyuwkr.pdf

Health Benefits, Pharmacological Effects, Molecular Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Potential of α-Bisabolol

Paracetamol is the most commonly used analgesic-antipyretic drugs. Its excess use causes an acute hepatotoxicity. It is well known that the Bacillariophyta alga Amphora coffeaeformis is rich in many photosynthetic pigments with antioxidant activities as well as a series of biologically active substances. The current work has been designed to study the phytochemical composition of different A. coffeaeformis algal extracts to select the most effective one. It was verified that acetone A. coffeaeformis algal extract is rich in various pigments and polyphenolic compounds (β-carotene (9.31 ± 0.06 mg·g-1), gallic acid (28.31 µg·g-1), catechin (38.08 µg·g-1) and p-coumaric acid (38.69 µg·g-1)). The pigments and phenolic profiles in acetone extract were determined in addition to isolation of β-carotene and fucoxanthin which exhibited free radical scavenging activity by 74.80% and 69.40%, respectively. Therefore, the highest total antioxidant capacity and free radical scavenging activity were noticed with this extract. Consequently, efficiency of this algal extract was evaluated against hepatic intoxication induced by paracetamol in rats. The biochemical measurements (liver functions and markers of oxidative stress) were  assayed. Moreover, the native protein, lipid and calcium moieties of native protein patterns in addition to catalase (CAT); peroxidases (POX); α- and β-esterase (EST) isoenzymes and genomic DNA patterns were electrophoretically detected in liver tissues. It was found that paracetamol caused significant (P < 0.05) elevation in serum liver functions associated with decline in activities of the antioxidant enzymes in that tissues. Also, it caused alterations represented electrophoretically at qualitative level from variations in the bands number and arrangement. So that, the paracetamol treated group was noticed with the lowest similarity index (SI). In addition, it caused abnormalities at the quantitative level through variations in quantity of normal bands. Algal extract restored all the biochemical functions to normal levels in the algal extract simult-treated and pre-treated groups. Furthermore, it exhibited ameliorative effect against the electrophoretic alterations through restoring the absent normal bands and hiding the abnormal ones and hence increasing the SI values especially in the extract simult-treated group. Algal extract exhibited antagonistic effect against the hepatic injury and the deleterious effects induced by paracetamol in the extract simult-treated group.

Bio and phyto-chemical effect of Amphora coffeaeformis extract against hepatic injury induced by paracetamol in rats

Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is considered as the most common type of gastrointestinal cancers. Chemotherapy became limited due to the adverse side effects. Therefore, the most effective Croton tiglium extract was selected to be incorporated by silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) then evaluated against colon cancer induced by azoxymethane (AOM) in rats. Methods Different hematological and biochemical measurements were quantified in addition to markers of oxidative stress. Specific tumor and inflammatory markers were assayed. Colonic tissues were examined histopathologically in addition to immunohistochemistry (IHC). Native proteins and isoenzymes patterns were electrophoretically assayed beside expression of Tumor Protein P53 (TP53) and Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC) genes in colonic tissues. Results It was found that AOM caused significant (P≤0.05) elevation in the hematological and biochemical measurements. C. tiglium nano-extract restored these measurements to normalcy. Tumor and inflammatory markers elevated significantly (P≤0.05) in sera of AOM induced colon cancer group in addition to increasing peroxidation products with decline in antioxidant enzymes activities in colon tissues. Nano-extract restored these measurements to normalcy in post-treated group. Histopathological study revealed that nano-extract minimized severity of inflammatory reactions in all nano-extract treated groups and prevented anti-Keratin 20 antibody expression in post-treated group. The lowest similarity index (SI%) values were noticed with electrophoretic protein (SI=71.43%), lipid (SI=0.00%) and calcium (SI=75.00%) moieties of protein patterns, catalase (SI=85.71%), peroxidase (SI=85.71%), α-esterase (SI=50.00%) and β-esterase (SI=50.00%) isoenzymes in colon cancer group. Furthermore, AOM altered the relative quantities of total native bands. The nano-extract prevented the alterations that occurred qualitatively in nano-extract post-treated group and quantitatively in all nano-extract treated groups. Levels of TP53 and APC gene expression increased in AOM injected group and nano-extract restored their levels to normalcy in the post-treated group. Conclusion C. tiglium nano-extract exhibited ameliorative effect against the biochemical and molecular alterations induced by AOM in nano-extract post-treated group.

http://journal.waocp.org/article_89052_0f10ef8173c2f01bdc1feb7ea59179f0.pdf

Evaluation of the Biological Efficiency of Silver Nanoparticles Biosynthesized Using Croton tiglium L. Seeds Extract against Azoxymethane Induced Colon Cancer in Rats.

Lithium (Li) is considered as the first therapeutic line for treatment of bipolar affective disorders and manic-depressive illness. Renal toxicity can be categorized as the most common undesirable side effect of Li therapy. Therefore, the present study aimed to reveal efficiency of  chitosan (CS) as a natural chelator against renal toxicity induced as a result of Li injection. During current experiment, the renal functions (urea, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid and total protein) were determined in serum samples. The urinary excretion of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) was assayed through measuring its level in urine samples. Moreover, markers of the oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation product (LPO)) were assessed in renal tissues. In addition, histopathological and ultrastructural examinations were carried out in that tissue. It was found that Li injection caused significant (P < 0.05) elevation in serum urea, creatinin and BUN levels associated with decline in uric acid and T. protein. Moreover, Li increased the urinary excretion of NAG significantly (P < 0.05). Administration of CS orally restored levels of these measurements to normalcy in CS pre-treated group through lowering urea, creatinin, BNU levels and urinary excretion of NAG with enhancing uric acid and T. protein levels. On the other hand, it was found that Li caused significant (P < 0.05) elevation in the LPO level associated with decline in activity of the antioxidant system in the renal tissues. Likewise, it caused severe alterations in the renal levels at histopathological and ultrastructural levels. The treatment with CS reduced the renal LPO associated with stimulating the antioxidant system through increasing levels of SOD, CAT, GPx and GSH in addition to its beneficial role against the histopathological abnormalities. The CS exhibited promising role in the protection against the oxidative stress and renal toxicity induced as a result of Li injection.

/pdf/a-renoprotective-role-of-chitosan-against-lithium-induced-23kebtav1p.pdf

A renoprotective role of chitosan against lithium-induced renal toxicity in rats

1 Microbial Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St., P.O. 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt (Affiliation ID: 60014618) 2 Biochemistry Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St., P.O. 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt (Affiliation ID: 60014618) 3 University College of Pharmacy, Pt. Deendayal Upadhyay Memorial Health Sciences and Ayush University of Chhattisgarh, Raipur (C.G.), India

Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Causes and Prevention

Diabetes is considered as the most prevalent metabolic disease. Nannochloropsis oculata is well known by its beneficial values due to the presence of various bioactive compounds. In the present study, Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes resulted in a significant (P<0.05) decrease in all hematological measurements. In addition, it caused significant (P<0.05) elevation in the Lipid Peroxidation Product (LPO) level associated with lowering Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) level in the spleen tissue. The N. oculata algal extract restored levels of these measurements to normalcy. The present study revealed that N. oculata contains fat soluble vitamin (β-carotene; 79.069 μg/g) and water soluble vitamins (Vitamin B3, B6 and B12; 3.811, 2.531 and 2.475 μg/g, respectively). Furthermore, it contains various micro and macro minerals (Calcium 20.90% and iron 4924 ppm) in addition to presence of phenolics, chlorophylls and carotenoids. The chromatographic analysis identified presence of flavonoids, pyrogallol (179.65 μg/g) and catachine (46.00 μg/g) in ethyl acetate extract. Also, four phenolic compounds (cinnamic acid, p-comaric acid, p-hydroxy benzoic acid and gallic acid) were isolated and identified by column chromatography. In conclusion, Nannochloropsis oculata algal extract showed scavenging activities against oxidative stress induced by STZ in spleen tissue of diabetic rats.

Chemical and Therapeutic Study of Nannochloropsis oculata on Spleen of Streptozotocin Induced Diabetes in Rats

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