This paper explores the effects of R&D commercial subsidies by means of a model of firms’ decisions about performing R&D when some government support can be expected. The model is estimated with an unbalanced panel sample of more than 2,000 performing and non-performing Spanish manufacturing firms. For the non-performing firms, we compute the trigger subsidies required to induce R&D spending. Among the performing firms, we detect those that would cease to perform R&D if subsidies were eliminated. We also explore the change in the privately financed R&D effort of the performing firms. Results suggest that subsidies stimulate R&D activities, and even show that some firms would stop performing these activities in their absence, but also reveal that most actual subsidies go to firms that would have performed R&D otherwise. In these firms, however, subsidies are found to enlarge expenses with no crowding out of private funds.

/pdf/barriers-to-innovation-and-subsidy-effectiveness-2234q97kaz.pdf

Barriers to innovation and subsidy effectiveness

This chapter presents a review and synthesis of effects of education in agriculture, summarizes major contributions, and suggests major research gaps in the literature. Although growth in knowledge enables skill acquisition and specialization of labor, which generally raises labor productivity, and technical change, the dominant effect of agriculture has been technical change. A puzzle remains why schooling does not have broader direct impacts in agriculture. Furthermore, as we proxy education or general intellectual achievement by schooling in our empirical research, this has led to biased interpretations of impacts when general intellectual achievement of school graduates changes over time and perhaps in nonlinear ways.

https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1323&context=econ_las_staffpapers

Human Capital, Education and Agriculture

This paper finds that after controlling for the endogeneity offamily structure, coresidence with one's own parents or in-laws has a significant positive effect on Japanese married women's labor force participation This suggests that coresidence allows married women to share the burden of household work with their parents or in-laws, thus leading to the increased probability of labor force participation It is also found that married women are more likely to reside with parents-in-law if their husband is the eldest son This suggests the persistence of the traditional Japanese value that the eldest son is more responsible for family matters

The Causal Effect of Family Structure on Labor Force Participation among Japanese Married Women

Workaholism and well-being among Japanese dual-earner couples: A spillover-crossover perspective

Social acceptance towards the air pollution in China: Evidence from public's willingness to pay for smog mitigation

The present paper estimates the effect of the Abe Cabinet's Womanomics policies that aimed to increase female labor supply and keep women on a career path. The policies are surveyed, and the effects are estimated using microdata from the Labor Force Survey combined with data at the prefectural level on day care provision. A differenceâ€ inâ€ difference (DD) method is applied to uncover the impacts of the Abe Cabinet's policies. The rapid increase in the provision of infant care, especially in the urban area, has contributed to a strong increase in the labor participation of mothers with young children. In addition, DD method estimates show a strong increase in mothers with infants staying in permanentâ€ contract regular employment. A significant shortening of work hours of workers, especially of parents with infants, is observed, which enabled working mothers to maintain their employment status. A change in the gender wage gap in the Japanese labor market is observed, but much progress is still required to close the large wage gap.

Has Abe's Womanomics Worked?

Student loans in Japan: Current problems and possible solutions

This paper studies the pattern of labour supply of Japanese married women. The study develops and tests a discrete work choice model with a differing level of fixed cost of work and equalizing wage differential s. This accounts for differences in work characteristics of the regular status and part-time status work at firms, the family and self-employment. A 20 to 30 per cent hourly wage differential was obser ved between work categories with control on skills, region and other variables. Different effects are studied of the numbe r and ages of children, a grandmother's presence and the wife's educational attainments on the category of work selected.



The data employed come from The Occupational History and Mobility Survey of Women 1983 (OHMS), conducted by the National Institute for Vocational and Occupational Research, and allow detailed wage regression and consideration of different work categories which were not feasible in previous works. Empirical regulari ties of the Japanese labour market, such as the absence of growth in labour participation for mothers with small children, are better explained when work categories are dealt with separately.

Wage Differentials and Labour Supply of Married Women in Japan: Part‐time and Informal Sector Work Opportunities

Low fertility is a major policy focus in Japan. Many policies, such as an increase in replacement allowances during parental leave, were rolled out during the 1990s and early 2000s with little evidence that they had any effect on fertility or labor supply. This study assesses the impact of policies designed to promote a family-friendly work culture on childbirth and labor supply from the mid-2000s on. The causal effects are identified by investigating two reform policies targeted at two different sizes of firms. The paper contributes to the literature on laws that impact organizational culture in a society where both gender and organizational norms are strong. The short-hour option in Japan significantly increased childbirth among working women who had been childless. The intent to give birth also increased among childless women at the treated firms, and there was an increased likelihood of women taking up permanent employment at reduced hours following their first childbirth. The policy effect was not significant for second or third births.

The Effect of Family-Friendly Policies on Fertility and Maternal Labor Supply

The marriage age in Japan is rising with no end in sight. According to the 2000
Census, only 43.5 per cent of women in the 25-29 age group were married, down
from 76 per cent in the 1980 Census. The proportion of unmarried men is rising
even more rapidly. The Census showed that 45.1 per cent of men aged 30-34
stayed ‘non-married’, while the figure was 26.4 per cent for women (see
Figure 3.1). This has contributed to declining fertility, as marriage is still strongly
associated with childbirth in Japan. Most marriages in Japan are followed
by childbirth within a year and a half, and the rate of childless married couples remains very low (Nakata and Mosk 1987). Less than 2 per cent of children
are born out of wedlock. As few as 7 per cent of singles in 2002 had any experience of co-habitation with a partner, though this rate had risen by two to three
points since 1992, according to the Twelfth Japan National Fertility Survey
(2002).

Japanese Youth’s Attitudes Towards Marriage and Child Rearing

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