Chemical characterization and antioxidant activity of sulfated polysaccharides from Navicula sp.

In recent years several advancements has been made in research and development of oral drug delivery system. Concept of novel drug delivery system arose to overcome certain aspect related to physicochemical properties of drug molecule and the related formulations. Purpose of this review is to compile the recent literature with special focus on various gastro retentive approaches that have recently become leading methodologies in the field of site-specific orally administered controlled release drug delivery. In order to understand various physiological difficulties to achieve gastric retention, we have summarized factors influencing gastric retention and also included various strategies for gastric retention. GRDDS has become leading methodology in site specific orally administered controlled release drug delivery system. Various drugs, which are unstable in alkaline pH, soluble in acidic pH, having narrow absorption window, site of action specific to stomach can be developed by using this technique.

A comprehensive review on gastro retentive drug delivery system

Biofuels are referred to solid, liquid or gaseous fuels derived from organic matter. They are generally divided into primary and secondary biofuels. While primary biofuels such as fuel wood are used in an unprocessed form primarily for heating, cooking or electricity production, secondary biofuels such as bioethanol and biodiesel are produced by processing biomass and are able to be used in vehicles and various industrial processes. Today‟s society is based on the use of fossil resources for transportation fuels and petrochemicals. Energy sources and their utilization determine the economic status and growth of developing countries all over the world (Xu et al., 2009). The demand for energy is growing globally due to expanding human population and increase in industrial prosperity. The conventional fossil such as oil, coal and natural gas still constitute the major source of energy. The continuous utilization of fossil fuels over the years has severely augmented the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere of earth (Ballesteros et al., 2006). Depleting fossil reserves and increasing demand for energy together with environmental concerns have led to focused research on the development of alternative fuels which are eco-friendly, biodegradable and economical. The use of renewable resources to produce liquid biofuels offer attractive solutions to reducing International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 05 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

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Second Generation Bioethanol Production from Lignocellulosic Waste and Its Future Perspectives: A Review

Iron gall inks have been among the most used writing materials after carbon black, thus representing an important element of the historical and artistic heritage of our society. Crucially, the preservation of manuscripts and drawings is influenced by the presence of these inks, leading to conservation issues related to paper degradation and text fading. Besides all the advances obtained in paper conservation, the study of iron gall ink’s behaviour and ageing is still an important topic, which requires investigation through an accurate molecular characterisation to produce reliable models. In the present work a micro-destructive method based on liquid chromatography techniques (HPLC-DAD and HPLC-ESI-Q-ToF) has been optimised starting from a model gallic acid-based ink. An in-depth study of the behaviour of the ink in time was performed by natural and artificial ageing tests, monitored by colorimetry, showing the autoxidation of gallic acid to ellagic acid in the prepared mock-ups. The effect of relative humidity on ageing processes was also evaluated, allowing us to determine different intermediates depending on the environmental conditions. Finally, the analytical method developed was then successfully applied for investigating 19th–20th century historical ink samples, where one of the identified ageing markers was detected, besides the expected gallic and ellagic acids.

/pdf/a-model-iron-gall-ink-an-in-depth-study-of-ageing-processes-1ocfwofy.pdf

A Model Iron Gall Ink: An In-Depth Study of Ageing Processes Involving Gallic Acid

The utilization of hydrolytic enzymes in various industrial processes worldwide has gained more attention than chemical catalysts due to the high selectivity of enzymes, their ease of control, and their negligible environmental impact, as they produce very small amounts of byproducts. Xylanase is one such enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of the β-1,4 linkage of xylan, the second most abundant renewable heteropolysaccharide and hemicellulosic constituent of the plant cell wall. Naturally, xylanase can be obtained from various sources such as mollusks, insects, plants, animals, and various microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, yeast, and algae). The utilization of xylanase could greatly improve the overall economics of processing lignocellulosic materials for the generation of monosaccharides, liquid fuels, and chemicals. Microbial xylanase is suitable for applications in food and feed, paper and pulp, textile, pharmaceutical, and biorefining industries. It has gained global attention due to its substrate specificities, biochemical properties, and various biotechnological applications. This review focuses on xylanase production, sources, fermentation processes, modes of action, purification methods, and applications in various industries. 

A review on xylanase sources, classification, mode of action, fermentation processes, and applications as a promising biocatalyst

History and chemistry of ink - a review.

This review explains the recent advances in gastro-retentive drug delivery systems with special focus on floating drug delivery systems. Oral controlled release (CR) dosage forms (DF) have been extensively used to improve therapy of many important medications. However, in the case of narrow absorption window drugs, this pharmaceutical approach cannot be utilized, as it requires sufficient colonic absorption of the drug (which contradicts the definition of narrow absorption window agents). On the other hand, incorporation of the drug into a CR delivery system, which releases its payload in the stomach over a prolonged time period, can lead to significant therapeutic advantages owing to various pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic aspects. Gastro-retentive dosage forms (GRDFs) are a drug delivery formulation that are designed to be retained in the stomach for a prolonged time and release there their active materials and thereby enable sustained and prolonged input of the drug to the upper part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This technology has generated enormous attention over the last few decades owing to its potential application to improve the oral delivery of some important drugs for which prolonged retention in the upper GI tract can greatly improve their oral bioavailability and/or their therapeutic outcome. This article reviews some of the latest developments in GRDF technology from a pharmaceutical point of view.

Gastro-retentive drug delivery system: a review on its recent advancement

Objective: The present study was designed to evaluate the hypolipidemic activity of Calotropis gigantea seeds on high fat diet induced atherogenic rats. Methods: The acute toxicity studies were performed on mice while adopting the OECD-420 Guidelines (fixed dose procedure). The hypolipidemic effect of plant seed extracts was evaluated on the standard 28 days model. Results: Treatment with methanolic extract of Calotropis gigantea (MECG) seeds at the dose 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg body weight showed the significant decrease in the total cholesterol levels, triglycerides levels, VLDL-c and LDL-c levels, whereas there was slight increase in HDL-c levels.The activities were also compared with the effects produced by the standard anti-hyperlipidemic drug, atorvastatin 10 mg/kg. Conclusion: The present findings indicate that the seeds of Calotropis gigantea has a potent hypolipidemic effect on HFD induced atherogenic rats.

Hypolipidemic effect of Calotropis gigantea seeds extract on high fat diet induced atherogenic rats.

An integrated approach was studied for in-house cellulase and xylanase production, from novel hyper hydrolytic enzyme producers and enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated Populus deltoides wood into bioethanol. A xylanase producer Bacillus altitudinis Kd 1 (M) and cellulase producer Bacillus stratosphericus N 12 (M) was isolated from soil. Optimization of process parameters led to an optimal xylanase activity of 96.25 IU at 30 0 C and pH 5.5 and cellulase activity of 5.98 IU at 30 0 C and pH 8.0. The NaOH+H 2 O 2 pretreated biomass was hydrolysed using cellulase and xylanase producing 12.45 mg/g of reducing sugars. Further fermentation of lignocellulosic hydrolysate was performed using different yeasts viz. Saccharomyces cerevisiae I, Saccharomyces cerevisiae II, Pichia stipitis , Candida shehatae and Zymomonas mobilis and maximum 11.10 g/l ethanol yield achieved with co-culture of S. cerevisiae II + P. stipitis with fermentation efficiency of 43.52% under method IV of SHF. The results have significant implications and further applications regarding production of fuel ethanol from agricultural lignocellulosic waste.

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Bioethanol production from alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreated Populus deltoides wood using hydrolytic enzymes of Bacillus stratosphericus N12(M) and Bacillus altitudinis Kd1(M) under different modes of separate hydrolysis and fermentation by monoculture and co-culture combinations of ethanologens

The forensic analysis of ink is of great interest particularly in the investigation of forgery cases relating to handwriting and signatures. As the documents are usually written with writing pens, it is therefore of interest to characterize the inks of different brands among the fountain pen inks. In this study the fountain pen inks components were separated by TLC and then separated components were analyzed by means of Ultraviolet visible (UV-Vis), infrared (IR) and NMR spectroscopy. UV-Vis analysis was successful in characterizing fountain pen inks of different brands. IR analysis revealed that each brands could be characterized and then differentiated by looking the pattern of each spectra. NMR spectroscopy has been useful for the comparison of ink brands.

Analysis of blue fountain pen inks

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