The complex composition of secondhand smoke (SHS) provides a range of constituents that can be measured in environmental samples (air, dust and on surfaces) and therefore used to assess non-smokers' exposure to tobacco smoke. Monitoring SHS exposure (SHSe) in indoor environments provides useful information on the extent and consequences of SHSe, implementing and evaluating tobacco control programmes and behavioural interventions, and estimating overall burden of disease caused by SHSe. The most widely used markers have been vapour-phase nicotine and respirable particulate matter (PM). Numerous other environmental analytes of SHS have been measured in the air including carbon monoxide, 3-ethenylpyridine, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, nitrogen oxides, aldehydes and volatile organic compounds, as well as nicotine in dust and on surfaces. The measurement of nicotine in the air has the advantage of reflecting the presence of tobacco smoke. While PM measurements are not as specific, they can be taken continuously, allowing for assessment of exposure and its variation over time. In general, when nicotine and PM are measured in the same setting using a common sampling period, an increase in nicotine concentration of 1 μg/m(3) corresponds to an average increase of 10 μg/m3 of PM. This topic assessment presents a comprehensive summary of SHSe monitoring approaches using environmental markers and discusses the strengths and weaknesses of these methods and approaches.

https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/tobaccocontrol/22/3/147.full.pdf

Environmental monitoring of secondhand smoke exposure

Comparison of the impact of the Tobacco Heating System 2.2 and a cigarette on indoor air quality.

Fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) and its nitrogen doped (N-CDs) nanoparticles have been synthesized from lactose as precursor using a bottom-up hydrothermal methodology. The synthesized nanoparticles have been characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR, Raman, TEM, DLS, XPS, and steady-state and life-time fluorescence. The synthesized carbon nanoparticles, CDs and N-CDs, have a size at about 7.7 ± 2.4 and 50 ± 15 nm, respectively, and quantum yields of 8% (CDs) and 11% (N-CDs). These techniques demonstrated the effectiveness of the synthesis procedure and the functionalization of the CDs surface with amine and amide groups in the presence of NH 3 in aqueous media. The effect of excitation wavelength and pH on the luminescent properties was studied. Under the optimal conditions, the nitrogen doped nanoparticles can be used as pyridine sensor in aqueous media because they show an enhancement of its fluorescence with a good linear relationship. The analytical method is simple, reproducible and very sensitive for pyridine determination.

Fluorescent chemosensor for pyridine based on N-doped carbon dots.

Extraction of pyridine derivatives from human urine using electromembrane extraction coupled to dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography determination.

In this review, we discuss methodological approaches commonly employed for the determination of chemical components in environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Considering its compositional diversity and significant impact on human health, ETS analysis is important. Here we describe it along with the methodologies commonly available for smoke generation, sampling, and preconcentration of ETS components. We evaluate the performance of each experimental approach in terms of basic quality assurance. To this end, we emphasize gas chromatography-based detection methods by comparing absolute detectability and analytical feasibility for the most common ETS markers in a practical sense. Finally, we highlight the limitations and the future prospects in the study of ETS.

A review of environmental tobacco smoke and its determination in air

A new method was developed to assess environmental tobacco smoke in air. The method is based on passive sampling and subsequent measurement of the concentration of 3-ethenylpyridine, a vapor-phase compound specific to tobacco smoke. Air samples were collected using a 3M organic vapor monitor. Tests were carried out in a dynamic chamber to determine the sampling rate (25.7 cm3/min). 3-Ethenylpyridine was desorbed from the sampler with 1 mL of pyridine/toluene mixture. 3-Ethenylpyridine was quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The limit of detection was 0.01 μg/sample, corresponding to a concentration of 0.27 μg/m3 air calculated for a sampling period of 24 h. Field measurements were carried out to test the performance of the method. Mean concentrations ranging from 1.3 to 5.3 μg/m3 were measured for 3-ethenylpyridine in smoking environments, but no 3-ethenylpyridine was detected in nonsmoking environments. Active sampling using charcoal tubes was used as a reference method in the chamber tes...

Passive monitoring method for 3-ethenylpyridine: a marker for environmental tobacco smoke.

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Passive monitoring method for 3-ethenylpyridine: a marker for environmental tobacco smoke.