In this study, a novel microporous flocculation magnetic fluidized bed (MFMFB) reactor was proposed for the treatment of low concentration lead-polluted groundwater in Gansu Province, China. It introduced a magnetic levitation layer and non-coincident counterflow inlet by using flocculants of polyaluminum chloride (PAC) and polyacrylamide (PAM). And Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) was used in conjunction with flocculation experiments. The results showed that when the dosage of poly PAC and PAM was 120 mg/L and 1 mg/L, respectively, at the same time the water inflow was 0.013–0.020 m3/h, the removal efficiency of Pb(II) and turbidity reached a steady level of over 98% in low turbidity and concentration Pb(II)-containing simulated wastewater. The reactor created favorable conditions for enhanced flocculation in terms of water flow direction, velocity gradient, effective energy consumption and microporous flocculation. Microporous flocculation form on the surface of the magnetic levitation layer, where fine particles contributed to both mixing and adsorption. The reactor possessed comprehensive flocculation effects such as anisotropy, micro-vortex, and microporous, and has the potential to treat low Pb(II)-containing groundwater. 

Investigation of the treatment efficiency and mechanism of microporous flocculation magnetic fluidized bed (MFMFB) reactor for Pb(II)-containing wastewater

Due to their role in human nutrition as essential minerals, the potential toxicity of selenium and molybdenum through water consumption is underestimated. This study introduces the development of a composite material consisting of amorphous iron oxyhydroxides decorated with Fe3O4 nanoparticles to establish a high uptake capacity for the common aqueous forms of these elements, Se(IV) and Mo(VI), and combine sufficient magnetic response to promote its easy handling during water treatment. Synthesis involves the separate preparation of an iron oxyhydroxide and the Fe3O4 nanoparticles by oxidative precipitation, and then, the formation of composites with Fe3O4 up to 10 %wt. by high-energy wet blending. Characterization indicates the preservation of low crystalline schwertmannite and 43 nm Fe3O4 nanocrystals homogeneously embedded on its granules surface. Evaluation of adsorption for the 5 %wt. composite, through batch experiments (pH 7) in natural-like water, indicates a Se(IV) uptake capacity of 1.48 mg/g when residual concentration was 20 μg/L, which corresponds to a small loss of 5 % in comparison to the pure iron oxyhydroxide. Importantly, the capture of Mo(VI) in the composite shows a 60 % increase reaching a capacity of 0.36 mg/g, due to the contribution of a reducing mechanism. As a proof of concept, a pilot system was designed for the continuous-flow contact of the composite with polluted water and its recovery by a linear magnetic separator. The system was optimized by computational analysis while its laboratory operation validated a maximum capacity of around 1.50 mg/g for Se(IV) and 0.34 mg/g for Mo(VI). 

Magnetically-assisted removal of selenium and molybdenum from water using iron oxyhydroxides

Superconducting magnetic separation technology leverages strong magnetic fields to separate magnetic from non-magnetic materials, vital for industries like mining, recycling, and water treatment. This study aims to elucidate the impact of various magnetic gathering media on the magnetic field distribution within superconducting magnetic separators through detailed modeling and simulation. Using Infolytica MagNet software, we simulate the magnetic field distribution of a JS-6-102 pilot-scale superconducting magnetic separator, both without media and with different magnetic matrices, such as mesh and rod media. Our results reveal that the presence of magnetic matrices significantly alters the magnetic field distribution, enhancing magnetic induction intensity and affecting field uniformity. We demonstrate that smaller mesh sizes yield more uniform magnetic fields, while larger rod diameters increase magnetic field distortion. These findings contribute to optimizing the design and efficiency of superconducting magnetic separation systems. 

Magnetic field simulation and analysis of superconducting magnetic separator with different magnetic matrices

A novel nanocomposite consisting of Fe3O4-loaded tin oxychloride is demonstrated as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of hexavalent chromium in compliance to the new drinking water regulation. This study introduces a continuous-flow production of the nanocomposite through the separate synthesis of (i) 40 nm Fe3O4 nanoparticles and (ii) multilayered spherical arrangements of a tin hydroxy-chloride identified as abhurite, before the application of a wet-blending process. The homogeneous distribution of Fe3O4 nanoparticles on the abhurite's morphology, feature nanocomposite with magnetic response whereas the 10 % loaded nanocomposite preserves a Cr(VI) uptake capacity of 7.2 mg/g for residual concentrations below 25 μg/L. Kinetic and thermodynamic examination of the uptake evolution indicates a relative rapid Cr(VI) capture dominated by interparticle diffusion and a spontaneous endothermic process mediated by reduction to Cr(III). The efficiency of the optimized nanocomposite was validated in a pilot unit operating in a sequence of a stirring reactor and a rotary magnetic separator showing an alternative and competitive application path than typical fixed-bed filtration, which is supported by the absence of any acute cellular toxicity according to human kidney cell viability tests. 

Implementing magnetically-active Sn-based nanocomposites in hexavalent chromium removal from drinking water

Here, we offer thoughts concerning a 'zero residual nanoadsorbent toxicity' environmental policy which we strongly advocate. Our discussions in support of this policy are based on the adage 'Prevention is better than cure'. Besides emphasizing the need for strict regulations (regional and international), research and development avenues are highlighted for the technology that can achieve 'zero tolerance' for residual nanoadsorbent levels escaping and building up in receiving ecosystems. We do not oppose nanoadsorbents. On the contrary, their water and wastewater purification potentials are well recognized. However, they should not be permitted to translocate downstream from the exit point of a final effluent. 

Prevention is better than a cure: A ‘zero residual nanoadsorbent toxicity’ downstream from its effluent exit point

A Rotary Magnetic Separator Integrating Nanoparticle-Assisted Water Purification: Simulation and Laboratory Validation

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A Rotary Magnetic Separator Integrating Nanoparticle-Assisted Water Purification: Simulation and Laboratory Validation