Computer vision has emerged as a useful alternative to manual expert grading of meat in recent years. Manual grading by experts has a number of essential flaws that can be effectively mitigated with computer vision technology. Computer vision technology is a simple and affordable alternative that, while requiring some expertise, is not excessively technologically demanding. Computer vision technology has shown key attributes of flexibility and ease of compatibility allowing a wide range of meat quality assessment challenges to be successfully tackled. The simplest approaches involving visible light imaging and explicit statistical modelling have proven adequate on the vast majority of occasions. On the other hand, for difficult tasks, more expensive non-visible wavelength imaging and implicit statistical modelling are required. In addition, fully automatic image segmentation still remains a difficult problem in many instances, although image processing is becoming more powerful particularly as computationally demanding texture characterisation algorithms become more viable as computation speeds increase. Finally training and testing a computer vision system will require considerable groundwork as a substantial amount of image and independent meat quality data will be required for good model calibration and validation.

Recent advances in the use of computer vision technology in the quality assessment of fresh meats

Reproductive success, best defined as lifetime total offspring to reach maturity, is the product of the number of eggs produced (i.e., fecundity) per season, adult reproductive life span and offspring survival to maturity. Life history traits at the population level can be seen as a representation of the fate of individuals through their life cycle. For practical purposes, reproductive success is often separated in two components: reproductive potential and offspring survival to maturity. In studies of exploited marine fish populations, spawning stock biomass (SSB) is commonly used as a proxy of reproductive potential instead of direct measures of the egg production of the stock. This technique assumes, however, that egg production per unit of biomass is time-invariant. This assumption is unsupported by a review of the literature. Seasonal fecundity varies in relation to parental quality (e.g., size, condition), resource availability (e.g., food abundance and quality), environmental (e.g., temperature) and evolutionary factors (e.g. stock biomass, fishing pressure). Recent studies and use of generalized linear models to hindcast fecundity variations demonstrate that stock reproductive potential estimated by the total egg production can lead to different perceptions of the state and productivity of the stock. The recent development of cost-effective methods to count egg numbers of fish now makes it practical to routinely determine potential fecundity. Adding measures of fecundity to other demographic parameters that are already commonly measured for exploited marine fish stocks allows a more precise measurement of the reproductive potential. One possible outcome of measuring reproductive potential as demonstrated using northern Gulf of St. Lawrence cod as a case study is the calculation of the intrinsic rate of population increase (r), an essential parameter in population dynamics and evolutionary ecology, which can be used in determining sustainable harvesting, resilience, and potential rates of recovery of populations.

/pdf/why-should-we-closely-monitor-fecundity-in-marine-fish-1uduccpk0t.pdf

Why Should We Closely Monitor Fecundity in Marine Fish Populations

Deltamethrin is responsible for health and reproduction problems both in mammals and aquatic organisms. In this study, zebrafish adults were exposed for 15 days to 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 μg L−1 non-lethal concentrations of deltamethrin, knowing that is used worldwide on agricultural crops. We investigated the chronic effects of deltamethrin on gonads by histopathological examination, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence using biomarkers for apoptosis (anti-p53, anti-H2A.XS139ph antibodies, and TUNEL assay), oxidative stress (anti-Cox4i1 antibody) and proliferation (anti-PCNA antibody). Among the histopathological changes, the apoptotic response was elevated in ovary and testis of deltamethrin exposed groups as it was seen in the IHC and IF for p53, H2A.XS139ph, and confirmed by TUNEL assay. These were observed in the case of all studied concentrations compared with the control group. Thereby, the gonadal tissue exhibited an up-regulated activity of this cell-death signaling markers, while the proliferation marker (PCNA) increased in the ovary due to its presence not only in primary growth and cortical-alveolar stage follicles but also in atretic follicles, meanwhile decreased notably in the testis. Cox4i1, a mitochondrial marker, decreased both in ovary and testis during deltamethrin treatment, probably inhibited by the overproduction of the free radicals after pesticide exposure.

https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/8/2/73/pdf

Toxicity of Deltamethrin to Zebrafish Gonads Revealed by Cellular Biomarkers

Estimation of individual egg production (realized fecundity)
is a key step either to understand the stock and recruit relationship or to carry out fisheries-independent
assessment of spawning stock biomass using egg production methods. Many fish are highly fecund and their ovaries may weigh over a kilogram; therefore the work time can be consuming and require large quantities of toxic fixative. Recently it has been shown for Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) that image analysis can automate fecundity determination
using a power equation that links follicles per gram ovary to the mean vitellogenic follicular diameter (the autodiametric method).

In this article we demonstrate the precision of the autodiametric method applied to a range of species with different spawning strategies during maturation and spawning. A new method using a solid displacement pipette to remove quantitative fecundity samples (25, 50, 100, and 200 milligram [mg]) is evaluated, as are the underlying assumptions to effectively fix and subsample the ovary. Finally, we demonstrate the interpretation of dispersed formaldehyde-fixed ovarian samples (whole mounts) to assess the presence of atretic and postovulatory follicles to replace labor intensive histology. These results can be used to estimate down regulation (production of atretic follicles) of fecundity during maturation.

/pdf/advances-in-methods-for-determining-fecundity-application-of-nk3d07uupu.pdf

Advances in methods for determining fecundity: application of the new methods to some marine fishes

Fecundity estimation by oocyte packing density formulae in determinate and indeterminate spawners: Theoretical considerations and applications

Procedures for efficiently producing high-quality fecundity data on a small budget

The lack of information concerning the preservation of ovarian material of fish species inhibits standardization of methods for determining fecundity and measuring oocytes The effects of four preservatives (10% phosphate-buffered
formalin, modified Gilson’s solution, 70% ethanol, and freezing) on ovarian material weight and oocyte size were
quantified for prespawning Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), and American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides) Effects of preservation were similar between Atlantic cod and haddock but different between Atlantic cod and American plaice for nearly all
comparisons Although all treatments affected the weight of ovarian material, freezing caused the most change and formalin caused the least Such signif icant species-specific effects should be quantified in the calculation
of life history characteristics, such as fecundity, to minimize error This is one of few studies dedicated to evaluating the effects of preservation on oocytes and ovarian material and is the first to evaluate multiple
preservatives on species

Species-specific effects of four preservative treatments on oocytes and ovarian material of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), haddock (Melanogrammus aegleflnus), and American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides)

Lee A. Fuiman and Robert G. Werner (eds.), Fisheries Science: The Unique Contributions of Early Life Stages

Red porgy (Pagrus pagrus) is a reef-associated, economically-important, winter-spawning, protogynous Sparidae species that appears to have declined in abundance in recent years along the southeast United States Atlantic coast. We used spatially-explicit generalized additive models built with fishery-independent chevron trap (1990–2021) and video data (2011–2021) to quantify the ways in which red porgy relative abundance and mean size varied across temporal, spatial, environmental, and habitat variables. Mean red porgy relative abundance from traps declined by 77% between 1992 and 2021, and declines were similarly large (69%) on video between 2011 and 2021. The largest two-year decline in relative abundance occurred early in the COVID-19 pandemic (2019–2021)– 32% in traps and 45% on video–despite already low abundance. Highest red porgy relative abundance from traps and video occurred in deep areas (i.e., 60–100 m) between southern North Carolina and north Georgia, and red porgy preferred low relief but continuous hardbottom habitats (i.e., pavement). We confirmed recent low recruitment of red porgy in the region based on the large increase in mean length (29%) and severe (~99%) declines of juvenile red porgy caught over the 32-year trap survey. Evidence suggests that recruitment failure is partially or mostly responsible for red porgy abundance declines, and, moreover, the regulation of harvest is unlikely to achieve sustainable management goals until recruitment increases.

/pdf/low-recruitment-drives-the-decline-of-red-porgy-pagrus-2mjhkkre.pdf

Low recruitment drives the decline of red porgy (Pagrus pagrus) along the southeast USA Atlantic coast: Inferences from fishery-independent trap and video monitoring

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Procedures for efficiently producing high-quality fecundity data on a small budget

Species-specific effects of four preservative treatments on oocytes and ovarian material of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), haddock (Melanogrammus aegleflnus), and American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides)

Lee A. Fuiman and Robert G. Werner (eds.), Fisheries Science: The Unique Contributions of Early Life Stages

Low recruitment drives the decline of red porgy (Pagrus pagrus) along the southeast USA Atlantic coast: Inferences from fishery-independent trap and video monitoring