Animals respond to stress by activating a wide array of behavioral and physiological responses that are collectively referred to as the stress response. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) plays a central role in the stress response by regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. In response to stress, CRF initiates a cascade of events that culminate in the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex. As a result of the great number of physiological and behavioral effects exerted by glucocorticoids, several mechanisms have evolved to control HPA axis activation and integrate the stress response. Glucocorticoid feedback inhibition plays a prominent role in regulating the magnitude and duration of glucocorticoid release. In addition to glucocorticoid feedback, the HPA axis is regulated at the level of the hypothalamus by a diverse group of afferent projections from limbic, mid-brain, and brain stem nuclei. The stress response is also mediated in part by brain stem noradrenergic neurons, sympathetic andrenornedullary circuits, and parasympathetic systems. In summary, the aim of this review is to discuss the role of the HPA axis in the integration of adaptive responses to stress. We also identify and briefly describe the major neuronal and endocrine systems that contribute to the regulation of the HPA axis and the maintenance of homeostasis in the face of aversive stimuli.

The role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in neuroendocrine responses to stress.

A role for melanin-concentrating hormone in the central regulation of feeding behaviour

Multiple neural systems controlling food intake and body weight.

Role of neuropeptides in appetite regulation and obesity – A review

Gonadal steroid hormones and the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis

The novel neuropeptide cocaine-amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) is expressed in several hypothalamic regions and has recently been shown to be involved in the central control of food intake. To characterize the hypothalamic CART neurons and understand the physiological functions they might serve, we undertook an in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical study to examine distribution and neurochemical phenotype of these neurons. In situ hybridization studies showed abundant CART mRNA in the periventricular nucleus (PeV), the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), the supraoptic nucleus (SON), the arcuate nucleus (Arc), the zona incerta, and the lateral hypothalamic area. The distribution of CART-immunoreactive neurons as revealed by a monoclonal antibody raised against CART(41-89) displayed complete overlap with CART mRNA. Double immunohistochemistry showed co-existence of CART immunoreactivity (CART-IR) and somatostatin in some neurons of the PeV. In the magnocellular division of the PVN as well as the SON, CART-IR was demonstrated in both oxytocinergic and vasopressinergic perikarya. In the medial parvicellular region of the PVN a few CART-IR neurons co-localized galanin, but none was found to co-localize corticotropin-releasing hormone. In the Arc, almost all pro-opiomelanocortinergic neurons were shown to contain CART, whereas no co-localization of CART with NPY was found. In the lateral hypothalamic area nearly all CART neurons were found to contain melanin-concentrating hormone. The present data support a role for CART in neuroendocrine regulation. Most interestingly, CART is co-stored with neurotransmitters having both positive (melanin-concentrating hormone) as well as a negative (pro-opiomelanocortin) effect on food intake and energy balance.

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/jneuro/19/10/RC5.full.pdf

Neurochemical characterization of hypothalamic cocaine- amphetamine-regulated transcript neurons.

Objective: Hypothalamic neuropeptide CART (cocaineamphetamine-regulated transcript) is a leptin-dependent endogenous satiety factor in the rat, and single central injections of recombinant CART(42–89) lowers food intake in rats and mice. To assess the potential role of CART as a long-term regulator of food intake, we investigated the effects of continuous infusion of recombinant CART(42–89) on food consumption and body weight.



Research Methods and Procedures: Two doses of CART(42–89) were tested: 12 or 4.8 μg/d. Adult male, both lean (+/?) and Zucker (fa/fa) obese, rats were equipped with intracerebroventricular cannulae in the right lateral ventricle. The cannulae were connected to subcutaneously placed osmotic mini-pumps. Pumps were filled with either CART(42–89) or vehicle (50 mM phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.4). The pumps delivered a continuous infusion of CART(42–89) or vehicle, and food intake and body weight were followed for 10 days (12 μg/d) or 7 days (4.8 μg/d). Animals given the low dose had the pump removed on Day 7, and from half of the group, trunk blood was collected after decapitation, whereas the other half of the group had their mini-pumps removed and were followed for another 7 days before being decapitated.



Results: Animals receiving the high doses displayed overt motor disturbances, whereas the low dose was devoid of such behavioral side effects. Both doses significantly lowered food intake with maximal effect on days 3 to 5 of the infusion period. The high dose of CART decreased body weight of normal animals to 85% of initial weight at days 3 to 5, whereas the weight of Zucker (fa/fa) obese rats dropped to 95% of the initial weight. In animals receiving 4.8 μg/d, moderate effects on body weight were seen between days 4 and 6 of the treatment period, but soon after termination of the treatment animals regained lost weight. To assess the biological activity of the contents of the osmotic mini-pumps, the pumps were removed from the subcutaneous implantation site, and 5 μL of their contents were injected intracerebroventricularly to naive animals kept on a restricted feeding schedule. The content of pumps from animals receiving 4.8 μg/d of CART(42–89) potently inhibited food intake, confirming full biological activity despite being kept for 7 days at body temperature.



Discussion: Due to obvious effects on motor behavior, it is impossible with certainty to conclude that the observed effects on feeding and body weight are primary interference with satiety centers or secondary to effects on locomotor pathways. Also, the present experiments suggest that hypothalamic appetite-regulating neurons are subject to pharmacological desensitization upon prolonged exposure to CART peptide. The underlying mechanism of such desensitization is as yet unknown.

http://ntweb.deltastate.edu/ykobayashi/kobayashi/Endocrinology/Articles/Food%20intake%20and%20behavior/Larsen%20et%20al.,%202000.pdf

Chronic Intracerebroventricular Administration of Recombinant CART(42–89) Peptide Inhibits Food Intake and Causes Weight Loss in Lean and Obese Zucker (fa/fa) Rats

The present invention relates to a G protein coupled receptor, GPR120 expressed in various mammalian tissue. The present invention further relates to modulation of the activity of these receptors as a tool in diagnosing, treating or preventing diabetes and/or obesity. The present invention also relates to screening of various compounds for targeting GPR120 receptors useful in treating, alleviating, preventing or diagnosing diabetes and/or obesity. The present invention further relates to a pharmaceutical composition useful in diagnosing, treating or preventing diabetes and/or obesity.

Modulation of gpr120 activity in adipocytes/fat tissue

The present disclosure relates to neuronatin interaction partner, amyloid precursor protein binding protein-2 (APPBP2) as a target for the treatment of obesity and/ or diabetes The disclosure also relates to the interaction between APPBP2 and neuronatin and the 5 compound that enhances such interaction The present disclosure further relates to modulation of the activity of neuronatin interaction partner as a tool in diagnosing, treating or preventing diabetes and/or obesity The disclosure further provides a method of screening of various compounds for targeting neuronatin interaction partner useful in treating, alleviating, preventing or diagnosing diabetes and/or obesity The present 10 disclosure also provides a pharmaceutical composition useful in diagnosing, treating or preventing diabetes and/or obesity

Interaction partner of neuronatin protein and uses thereof

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Niels Vrang

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

Neurochemical characterization of hypothalamic cocaine- amphetamine-regulated transcript neurons.

Chronic Intracerebroventricular Administration of Recombinant CART(42–89) Peptide Inhibits Food Intake and Causes Weight Loss in Lean and Obese Zucker (fa/fa) Rats

Modulation of gpr120 activity in adipocytes/fat tissue

Interaction partner of neuronatin protein and uses thereof