Service-oriented architecture (SOA) has been promoted as a technology that can enhance information systems agility, interoperability between applications, deployment flexibility, and reusability. As with any new information technology (IT), the decision to adopt SOA cannot be taken lightly, given the nontrivial investment in economic and personnel resources. The complexity associated with industry-wide diffusion, coupled with organization, industry, and environment factors, contributes to a lack of a clear strategy for assessing the business value that SOA provides an organization. This research attempts to shed light on this process of value creation for an organization, using a system dynamics approach. A detailed model of the industry diffusion coupled with organization adoption is presented. After suitable calibration and validation, a series of simulations using the model evaluate the efficacy of SOA under a variety of diverse conditions. The results of the simulations indicate clear benefits of SOA over monolithic ITs when employed under appropriate conditions. Situations where SOA fails to live up to expectations are also identified. The model and accompanying simulations can serve as a practical decision support tool for an organization to help make the strategic decisions of adopting and implementing SOA.

Implementing Service-Oriented Architecture in Organizations

Many websites have added cookie consent interfaces to meet regulatory consent requirements. While prior work has demonstrated that they often use dark patterns — design techniques that lead users to less privacy-protective options — other usability aspects of these interfaces have been less explored. This study contributes a comprehensive, two-stage usability assessment of cookie consent interfaces. We first inspected 191 consent interfaces against five dark pattern heuristics and identified design choices that may impact usability. We then conducted a 1,109-participant online between-subjects experiment exploring the usability impact of seven design parameters. Participants were exposed to one of 12 consent interface variants during a shopping task on a prototype e-commerce website and answered a survey about their experience. Our findings suggest that a fully-blocking consent interface with in-line cookie options accompanied by a persistent button enabling users to later change their consent decision best meets several design objectives.

/pdf/okay-whatever-an-evaluation-of-cookie-consent-interfaces-1j09um63.pdf

“Okay, whatever”: An Evaluation of Cookie Consent Interfaces

Bereits seit einigen Jahren hat die Informationstechnik (IT) nicht nur zur Industrialisierung anderer Wirtschaftszweige beigetragen, sondern unterliegt in zunehmendem Mase selbst einem Industrialisierungsprozess. Die Diskussion der strukturellen Grundlagen der Industrialisierung zeigt, dass es im Zuge eines fortschreitenden Industrialisierungsprozesses zu Veranderungen bei den Faktoren Preis, Produkt, Produktion, Personal und Partner kommt. Die Besonderheiten bei der Industrialisierung der IT werden fur die Bereiche Hardware, Software und IT-Services herausgearbeitet. Dabei spielt neben den Veranderungen bei den Produkten der IT und deren Preisen vor allem das Management der IT-Leistungserstellung, d. h. die Produktion von IT, eine wichtige Rolle. Im Zusammenhang mit der Verringerung der Leistungstiefe gewinnt die Zusammenarbeit mit externen Partnern an Bedeutung. Weiterhin wird die Industrialisierung der IT Auswirkungen auf das Personal haben und zu Veranderungen am IT-Arbeitsmarkt fuhren.

Industrialisierung der IT — Grundlagen, Merkmale und Ausprägungen eines Trends

This literature review synthesizes existing research in the field of Service-Oriented Architectures (SOA) from a business perspective and integrates results from 40 works to offer researchers an overview about the existing body of knowledge in this research field as well as a research agenda, which unifies and extends previous efforts While the literature regarding the technologies and design principles for SOA and even Service-Oriented Enterprises (SOE) converges, especially research regarding the identification of determinants influencing SOA adoption, governance mechanisms for effectively implementing SOA, and regarding SOA‘s actual business impact is needed Previous empirical research indicated promising factors in each of these fields However, future research should especially draw attention to holistically cover each of the research areas Moreover, extending the use of empirical research methods will further improve our understanding regarding the importance of different adoption determinants, governance mechanisms, and the actual business value of SOA

A Literature Review of Research on Service-Oriented Architectures (SOA): Characteristics, Adoption Determinants, Governance Mechanisms, and Business Impact

The main international IT Service Management processes frameworks ITIL v2, ISO/IEC 20000, COBIT 4.0, CMMI-SVC, MOF 4.0, and ITUP include the design of IT services as part of their main best practices. However, despite having a common purpose and conceptual structure, they are organized differently. Hence, ITSM academic researchers and practitioners need to integrate a broad and diverse literature in relation to these frameworks. In Part I of this research, the authors pursued the goal of a descriptive-comparative analysis of fundamental concepts and IT service architecture design models used in the seven ITSM frameworks. In this paper Part II we complete this systemic analysis by using the ISO/IEC 15288 systems engineering standard and focusing on the IT design processes and practices reported in the aforementioned ITSM frameworks. Specifically, CMMI-SVC and ITUP are assessed in overall as the strongest frameworks from an engineering view, MOF 4.0 and ITIL v3 as moderate, and ISO/IEC 20000, ITIL v2 and COBIT as the weakest. ITSM academicians and in particular practitioners thus will need to distinguish their utilization according to the level of required detail of the IT service design process. This paper aims to advance our comprehension and understanding on the state of the art regarding what are IT services and how they can be designed. Thus it is of broad significance to ITSM researchers and practitioners.

/pdf/an-extensive-review-of-it-service-design-in-seven-2arafhp7jd.pdf

An Extensive Review of IT Service Design in Seven International ITSM Processes Frameworks: Part II

The concept of service oriented architectures has received considerable attention lately. Despite the hype our experience from five major German chemicals companies shows that firms do not blindly adopt the concept but want to see its value for their organizations. This paper identifies criteria for projects that should serve especially well as first proof of concept SOA implementations. Therefore the paper compares project goals to SOA benefits and requirements and deduces decision supporting criteria. Complex projects with many involved stakeholders and high risk of changing requirements, to name a few of the criteria, are more likely to profit from SOA than small simple projects with few involved people. The criteria are then applied in five cases to evaluate projects the authors analyzed. The application shows that the criteria give a good indication for or against SOA adoption in a project.

Where to Start with SOA: Criteria for Selecting SOA Projects

This paper addresses the question whether the recently proposed approach of concise privacy notices in apps and on websites is effective in raising user awareness. To assess the effectiveness in a realistic setting, we included concise notices in a fictitious but realistic fitness tracking app and asked participants recruited from an online panel to provide their feedback on the usability of the app as a cover story. Importantly, after giving feedback, users were also asked to recall the data practices described in the notices. The experimental setup included the variation of different levels of saliency and riskiness of the privacy notices. Based on a total sample of 2,274 participants, our findings indicate that concise privacy notices are indeed a promising approach to raise user awareness for privacy information when displayed in a salient way, especially in case the notices describe risky data practices. Our results may be helpful for regulators, user advocates and transparency-oriented companies in creating or enforcing better privacy transparency towards average users that do not read traditional privacy policies.

Bolder is Better: Raising User Awareness through Salient and Concise Privacy Notices

Privacy policies as a means of communicating with customers still prove ineffective. Researchers have recently suggested that a specific usage context should be considered to make privacy notices more relevant to users. To explore this approach further, we conducted an explorative online survey of privacy concerns and privacy information preferences with 642 participants for two different contexts (loyalty cards and fitness tracking). Our data shows some support for the suggestion that context may be a significant moderator of concerns and preferences. However, the corresponding effects are rather small and limited to specific concerns and information categories. In line with other research, the data supports the known hierarchy of concerns regarding unauthorized secondary use and improper data access, which seem to exceed concerns about erroneous data processing or excessive data collection in both contexts. Furthermore, participants considered information on personal rights and processing purposes more relevant than information on contact persons.

Does Context in Privacy Communication Really Matter? A Survey on Consumer Concerns and Preferences

Around 2000, the term ‘‘enterprise application integration’’ (EAI) became popular with IT departments. Until then, silo applications – custom-developed or packaged, hostor client–server-based – had been connected with numerous point-to-point interfaces. The resulting complexity of the application landscape affected the implementation of additional business requirements such as electronic marketplaces, e-commerce, and supply chain management. Commonly used middleware techniques such as message queues, object request brokers, or remote procedure calls required significant and costly alterations of source and target systems. Instead, EAI promised to reduce the application landscape complexity by connecting applications with a centralized, application-independent ‘‘information broker’’ by means of standardized connectors and a definable integration logic (Linthicum 2000, pp. 10ff.). EAI has since been adopted in many large enterprises (e.g., banks). Today, nearly two decades later, firms are faced with new integration challenges. Increasingly, enterprise IT landscapes include best-of-breed business applications, platforms, and infrastructures sourced from cloud service providers (Kleeberg et al. 2014, p. 39). Some of the newly founded companies solely depend on so-called ‘‘software as a service’’ (SaaS). While future ‘‘Internet of Things’’ (IoT) platforms may fully reside in the cloud, they will, nevertheless, still need to exchange data with legacy systems (Wortmann and Flüchter 2015). And again, the question arises of how to integrate these new cloud-based applications. A relatively new alternative to point-to-point integration and existing EAI middleware is the concept of ‘‘integration platform as a service’’ (IPaaS) (Potočnik and Juric 2012). IPaaS can be considered as the cloud-based equivalent to EAI. IPaaS promises both mature EAI functionalities and the benefits of SaaS applications such as high productivity and predictable costs. While EAI has been technically very complex, has required specialized skills and has been very expensive to maintain, IPaaS are less complex and easier to use. Therefore, the initial integration of a new application is faster and maintenance costs for changes of existing integrations are lower. For example, the Swiss-based logistics enterprise Kardex successfully uses an IPaaS to synchronize customer and order data across its mobile field service app, a SaaS resource planning tool, and on-premise enterprise resource planning (ERP) (Boillat and Legner 2014). Accepted after one revision by Prof. Dr. Weinhardt.

/pdf/integration-platform-as-a-service-44fff6h9id.pdf

Integration platform as a service

The shift from device and application towards service-orientated IT Management raises new questions that require concepts such as portfolio management, resource planning or mass customization for IT services. These concepts increase the complexity of IT Service Management and require additional tool support. Conceptual models are necessary in order to develop appropriate tools. The goal of our paper is to propose and validate a conceptual IT service model. We introduce the characteristics of IT services and analyze existing IT service models. A common IT service model is derived (theoretically) from the literature and validated through cases of IT service providers. These case studies from three German IT service providers also yield insights for further research.

A Service Model for the Development of Management Systems for IT-enabled Services

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