Drought-associated woody-plant mortality has been increasing in most regions with multi-decadal records and is projected to increase in the future, impacting terrestrial climate forcing, biodiversity and resource availability. The mechanisms underlying such mortality, however, are debated, owing to complex interactions between the drivers and the processes. In this Review, we synthesize knowledge of drought-related tree mortality under a warming and drying atmosphere with rising atmospheric CO2. Drought-associated mortality results from water and carbon depletion and declines in their fluxes relative to demand by living tissues. These pools and fluxes are interdependent and underlay plant defences against biotic agents. Death via failure to maintain a positive water balance is particularly dependent on soil-to-root conductance, capacitance, vulnerability to hydraulic failure, cuticular water losses and dehydration tolerance, all of which could be exacerbated by reduced carbon supply rates to support cellular survival or the carbon starvation process. The depletion of plant water and carbon pools is accelerated under rising vapour pressure deficit, but increasing CO2 can mitigate these impacts. Advancing knowledge and reducing predictive uncertainties requires the integration of carbon, water and defensive processes, and the use of a range of experimental and modelling approaches. Enhanced drought frequency and magnitude have impacted tree mortality, leading to multiple examples of regional-scale dieback. This Review outlines the mechanisms leading to mortality, including carbon starvation and hydraulic failure. 

Mechanisms of woody-plant mortality under rising drought, CO2 and vapour pressure deficit

Few generalizable patterns of tree-level mortality during extreme drought and concurrent bark beetle outbreaks.

ABSTRACT Timely and accurate monitoring of pine forest diseases is greatly important to pine forest disease prevention and forest protection. A method for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) remote sensing monitoring of pine forest diseases is proposed based on improved Mask region-based convolutional neural network (R-CNN) to solve the problem of low accuracy of the existing methods due to complex background and nonevident characteristics of pine forest diseases. The Mask R-CNN with multitask capabilities is utilized as backbone network to build the monitoring model. An improved multiscale receptive field block module is added to the Mask R-CNN to extract the detailed features of pine forest diseases and reduce the missed detection of pine forest diseases. Meanwhile, a multilevel fusion residual pyramid structure is adopted to integrate low-level and high-level features to obtain distinguishable features of pine forest diseases to reduce the misdetection and misidentification of complex backgrounds. In addition, the proposed method uses cutting mixing splicing method to construct training data set to increase the number of background objects in the training images and reduce the impact of complex backgrounds on the monitoring results. Experimental results show that the proposed method can monitor pine forest diseases more accurately than methods of SSD, Faster R-CNN, MaskScoring R-CNN, and the original Mask R-CNN. Compared with the method of backbone network, the precision of the proposed method has increased by 22.4%, the recall has increased by 3.5%, and the F1-score has increased by 14.4%.

UAV remote sensing monitoring of pine forest diseases based on improved Mask R-CNN

The ecological impact of pest-induced tree dieback on insect biodiversity in Yunnan pine plantations, China

Tamm review: Current and recommended management practices for the restoration of whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.), an imperiled high-elevation Western North American forest tree

https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_journals/2020/rmrs_2020_kichas_n001.pdf

Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) growth and defense in response to mountain pine beetle outbreaks

https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_journals/2021/rmrs_2021_kichas_n001.pdf

Growth and defense characteristics of whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var latifolia) in a high-elevation, disturbance-prone mixed-conifer forest in northwestern Montana, USA

Introduction Tree defense characteristics play a crucial role in modulating conifer bark beetle interactions, and there is a growing body of literature investigating factors mediating tree growth and resin-based defenses in conifers. A subset of studies have looked at relationships between tree growth, resin duct morphology and climate; however, these studies are almost exclusively from lower-elevation, moisture-limited systems. The relationship between resin ducts and climate in higher-elevation, energy-limited ecosystems is currently poorly understood. Methods In this study, we: (1) evaluated the relationship between biological trends in tree growth, resin duct anatomy, and climatic variability and (2) determined if tree growth and resin duct morphology of whitebark pine, a high-elevation conifer of management concern, is constrained by climate and/or regional drought conditions. Results We found that high-elevation whitebark pine trees growing in an energy-limited system experienced increased growth and defense under warmer and regionally drier conditions, with climate variables explaining a substantive proportion of variation (∼20–31%) in tree diameter growth and resin duct anatomy. Discussion Our results suggest that whitebark pine growth and defense was historically limited by short growing seasons in high-elevation environments; however, this relationship may change in the future with prolonged warming conditions.

/pdf/increased-whitebark-pine-pinus-albicaulis-growth-and-defense-dhv6n2m0.pdf

Increased whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) growth and defense under a warmer and regionally drier climate

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Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) growth and defense in response to mountain pine beetle outbreaks

Growth and defense characteristics of whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var latifolia) in a high-elevation, disturbance-prone mixed-conifer forest in northwestern Montana, USA

Increased whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) growth and defense under a warmer and regionally drier climate