世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

treatment, and promote mental health and well-being resources, appropriate new technology, and financial services, including microfinance

Sustainable Development Goals

This chapter discusses leading problems linked to energy that the world is now confronting and to propose some ideas concerning possible solutions. Oil deserves special attention among all energy sources. Since the beginning of 1981, it has merely been continuing and enhancing the downward movement in consumption and prices caused by excessive rises, especially for light crudes such as those from Africa, and the slowing down of worldwide economic growth. Densely-populated oil-producing countries need to produce to live, to pay for their food and their equipment. If the economic growth of the industrialized countries were to be 4%, even if investment in the rational use of energy were pushed to the limit and the development of nonpetroleum energy sources were also pursued actively, it would be extremely difficult to prevent a sharp rise in prices. It is evident that it is absolutely necessary to pursue actively the development of coal, natural gas, and nuclear power if a physical shortage of energy is not to block economic growth.

World energy outlook

This chapter explores the ecology of human development, those forces in the person's environment that affect and influence development. Urie Bronfenbrenner's model of the human ecosystem guides the discussion, making connections between children in families and in communities and the larger society that surrounds them. The human ecosystem model is much like the study of the natural ecology, focusing on the interactions between subjects at various levels of the environment as they affect each other. The interaction between individual and environment forms the basis of an ecological approach to human development. This view sees the process of development as the expansion of the child's conception of the world and the child's ability to act on that world. Risks to development can come from both direct threats and the absence of opportunities for development. Sociocultural risk refers to the impoverishment in the child's world of essential experiences and relationships.

The Ecology of Human Development

The East Asian miracle: Economic growth and public policy: By the World Bank. (New York: Oxford University Press for the World Bank, 1993. 389 pp. $19.95, paper.)

This study investigates the relevance of government quality in moderating the incidence of environmental degradation on inclusive human development in 44 sub-Saharan African countries for the period 2000-2012. Environmental degradation is measured with CO2 emissions and the governance dynamics include: political stability, voice and accountability, government effectiveness, regulation quality, the rule of law and corruption-control. The empirical evidence is based on the Generalised Method of Moments. Regulation quality modulates CO2 emissions to exert a net negative effect on inclusive development. Institutional governance (consisting of corruption-control and the rule of law) modulates CO2 emissions to also exert a net negative effect on inclusive human development. Fortunately, the corresponding interactive effects are positive, which indicates that good governance needs to be enhanced to achieve positive net effects. A policy threshold of institutional governance at which institutional governance completely dampens the unfavourable effect of CO2 emissions on inclusive human development is established. Other policy implications are discussed.

Governance, CO2 emissions and Inclusive Human Development in Sub-Saharan Africa

ABSTRACT In this study, the relationship between tourism development and trade in 12 sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries is examined during the period 1995-2019. Three proxies of trade are used, namely the total trade, total exports, and total imports of goods and services to examine this linkage, thereby leading to three separate model specifications. A wide range of modern econometric techniques were also employed to examine the relationship between the various proxies of trade and tourist arrivals. These include (i) cross-sectional dependence tests based on Breusch and Pagan (1980) LM, Pesaran (2004) scaled LM, Baltagi et al. (2012) bias-corrected scaled LM, and Pesaran (2004) CD; (ii) an ECM panel cointegration test based on Westerlund (2007); and (iii) a heterogeneous panel causality model based on Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012), among others. Using the dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) and the fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS), the study found that, overall, international tourism has a positive and significant impact on trade in SSA countries. This finding is also corroborated by the heterogeneous Granger causality test, which found a distinct unidirectional causal flow from international tourist arrivals to trade. The study, therefore, recommends that SSA countries should implement policies aimed at promoting international tourism in order to increase their international trade and boost their overall trade balance.

/pdf/does-international-tourism-spur-international-trade-in-ssa-1mc4zjo1.pdf

Does international tourism spur international trade in SSA countries? A dynamic panel data analysis

https://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/10500/29300/1/The%20comparative%20economics%20of%20globalisation%20and%20governance%20in%20Sub-Saharan%20Africa.pdf

The Comparative Economics of Globalisation and Governance in Sub-Saharan Africa

This paper highlights the status of foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic growth in four middle-income sub-Saharan Africa countries, namely: Angola, Mauritius, Namibia and Seychelles. The study examines the individual countries’ policies and strategies that were aimed at boosting FDI and economic growth. The study finds that the FDI inflows were fairly low during the period the 1980s and the 1990s. This is mainly because during this period, the policies of these countries, like many other sub-Saharan African countries, hinged mainly on import substitution, socialism and centralized economic systems. However, following the implementation of policies, such as privatisation, liberalisation, structural-adjustments, etc, in the 1990s and 2000s, the FDI inflows into these countries increased significantly, especially from developed countries. The biggest recipient of FDI inflows among the four studied countries, however, was Angola – where the FDI inflows increased from US$ 2145.5 mill in 2001 to US$ 16581.0 million in 2008.

An exploratory review of foreign direct investment and economic growth in four ssa countries

The understanding of what drives capital flows is continually evolving. Earlier theories provided support for the role of macroeconomic factors, however, the drivers expanded to include non-macroeconomic factors following the Lucas (1990) paradox, which spurred interest towards examining the role of institutional quality and, in more recent years, capital market frictions. While other reviews of capital flow literature have concentrated on macroeconomic drivers, this review focuses on institutional factors and frictions and delves into three types of flows, as drivers can vary by type of flow. The literature is vast on drivers of foreign direct investment (FDI) while drivers of other types of capital flows have been less studied, and evidence remains scant. There is evidence of institutional quality helping to explain the Lucas paradox. Based on the literature reviewed in this paper, many institutional factors are important for FDI. Law and order and military in politics are notably important for both FDI and portfolio debt. Findings for portfolio equity are limited. On capital market frictions, the empirical evidence shows that distance; economic ties; and having a common language, border, and colonial past help explain capital flows; with distance driving all three types of capital flows. This review will help inform further research and policies aimed at attracting and retaining foreign capital, especially in developing economies that need such flows for economic development and poverty alleviation.

Capital flows and institutional quality: a systematic literature review

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