Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

Forest management, coarse woody debris and saproxylic organisms: Fennoscandian boreal forests as an example

Fossils document the existence of trees and wood-associated organisms from almost 400 million years ago, and today there are between 400,000 and 1 million wood-inhabiting species in the world. This is the first book to synthesise the natural history and conservation needs of wood-inhabiting organisms. Presenting a thorough introduction to biodiversity in decaying wood, the book studies the rich diversity of fungi, insects and vertebrates that depend upon dead wood. It describes the functional diversity of these organisms and their specific habitat requirements in terms of host trees, decay phases, tree dimensions, microhabitats and the surrounding environment. Recognising the threats posed by timber extraction and forest management, the authors also present management options for protecting and maintaining the diversity of these species in forests as well as in agricultural landscapes and urban parks.

Biodiversity in dead wood.

Saproxylic insects comprise a diverse, species-rich and dominant functional group that share a dependence on dead wood and the old trees that generate it (mature timber habitat). Recent research has highlighted their sensitivity to forest management, with managed or secondary forests generally supporting fewer individuals, fewer species, and different assemblages compared to old-growth or primary forests. This sensitivity is a product of their association with a habitat that tends to diminish in managed forests. Many species also have low powers of dispersal relative to human-induced fragmentation, making breaks in habitat continuity particularly harmful. In western Europe, many species are now regionally extinct. Information is largely lacking elsewhere, but similar ecological and management principles should apply. Measures taken to protect the habitat of hollow-dependent vertebrates may ensure the survival of some saproxylic insects, but unless their needs are expressly considered, there remains the risk that many others may be lost as forest areas shrink and management of remaining areas intensifies.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/3069254.pdf

Saproxylic Insect Ecology and the Sustainable Management of Forests

Species Diversity in Space and Time

Dead wood has been identified as a crucial component for forest biodiversity. Recent research has improved our understanding of habitat relations for many species associated with dead wood. However, the consequences for forest management are yet to be explored. In this review we build upon the growing volume of studies on dead wood dependent species, the dynamics of dead wood and ecological theory in order to identify the challenges for forest management at the landscape level. The review has a Fennoscandian focus, but the problems and challenges are similar in many forest ecosystems. We argue that it is necessary to 1) counteract the current shortage in availability of dead wood, 2) concentrate planning at the landscape level in order to minimize isolation and reduce edge effects, 3) create a variety of dead wood types, and 4) utilise available quantitative analytical tools. This calls for new approaches to management that to a large extent includes available knowledge, and to find platforms for planning forested landscapes with diverse holdings.

Ecology of Species Living on Dead Wood - Lessons for Dead Wood Management

We surveyed the quantity and quality of dead Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) trees and wood-inhabiting cryptogams in a managed boreal forest landscape in northern Sweden. Size and decay of dead trees was related to substrate utilization by wood-inhabiting species. Coarse woody debris (CWD) was surveyed along 34 strip transects. CWD and wood-inhabiting cryptogams were surveyed in eight circular plots at each site. A total of 6195 spruce CWD units occurred along strip transects and 809 spruce CWD units in circular plots. On average 2.2 m3/ha spruce CWD was found on the plots. The majority (63%) of the transect CWD units were <10 cm diameter and in early to intermediate decay stages. Sixty-eight wood-specific species of fungi, lichens, mosses, and hepatics occurred on the plots. Of these, 13 occurred on 5% of the 809 CWD units surveyed for wood-inhabiting species. Eight species occur on the Swedish red lists, indicating that such species are indeed uncommon in managed forests. Red-listed species show...

Wood-inhabiting cryptogams on dead Norway spruce (Picea abies) trees in managed Swedish boreal forests

Modelling dead wood in Norway spruce stands subject to different management regimes

Coarse woody debris (CWD) is an important habitat for many species in forest ecosystems. However, forestry has decreased the abundance of CWD so that many wood-dependent species have become threatened. To alleviate this problem, guidelines for a more biodiversity-oriented forestry focus on increasing CWD in managed forests. Un- fortunately, how this increase is to be allocated on a landscape scale is not well understood. The present study reports an experiment in which freshly cut logs of varying sizes were placed in stands with contrasting abundance of natural CWD and subsequently varying pools of wood-inhabiting species. The first six years of colonization by wood fungi show that local abundance and composition of the fungal flora strongly influenced colonization. Higher species richness was observed in CWD-rich sites, and several species were more frequent on the experimental logs at CWD-rich sites. The strong within-site effect is in- terpreted as resulting from high spore deposition from the local species pool. This is supported by spore deposition estimates of Fomitopsis rosea, a red-listed species that only occurred on experimental logs at the CWD-rich sites. F. rosea had a 9-180 times higher spore deposition at the CWD-rich sites compared to the CWD-poor sites. The species richness and composition on small logs differed from that of large logs with higher richness on the latter. The results strongly suggest that restoration efforts would be more efficient if directed toward sites close to CWD-rich sites and that preferably large logs should be created.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/info/4493588

Local dispersal sources strongly affect colonization patterns of wood-decaying fungi on spruce logs

Dead trees contribute to the structural diversity in forested ecosystems, pro- viding habitat, shelter, and substrate for a wide range of organisms. Forecasting the dynamics of dead trees is a key to incorporating woody debris in managed forests to conserve those species dependent on dead trees. We present a new model for predicting woody-debris dynamics over time using a stage-based matrix, with transition rates between decay classes. It is constructed for use with the type of classification systems commonly used for as- sessments of dead trees as a plant and animal habitat. Dendrochronological measurements of time since death are the basis for transition rates between decay classes. Calculating mean residence time in decay classes from a single time point sample, rather than using longitudinal long-term data, tends to overestimate residence time due to a higher probability of inclusion of slow-decaying trees. A new method for correcting this bias is presented, and incorporated into the model. The stage-based decay-class model approach is suggested as a general model, applicable to many tree species and forest regions. We illustrate how such a model can be used for management planning for woody debris by forecasting decay- class distributions of woody debris over time at five-year intervals. In combination with functions for growth and mortality, different ways to reach woody-debris goals can be explored. The model is parameterized for Picea abies (L.) Karst. (Norway spruce) in mid- northern Sweden. Because there is a lack of data from long-term studies in similar con- ditions, model validation is difficult. However, comparisons with available independent data support the conceptual basis for the model. Future studies should concentrate on the relative importance of factors that influence residence time in decay classes, e.g., tree size, site productivity, and decomposer communities.

A stage-based matrix model for decay-class dynamics of

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