The interest in nanoscale materials stems from the fact that new properties are acquired at this length scale and, equally important, that these properties * To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone, 404-8940292; fax, 404-894-0294; e-mail, mostafa.el-sayed@ chemistry.gatech.edu. † Case Western Reserve UniversitysMillis 2258. ‡ Phone, 216-368-5918; fax, 216-368-3006; e-mail, burda@case.edu. § Georgia Institute of Technology. 1025 Chem. Rev. 2005, 105, 1025−1102

Chemistry and properties of nanocrystals of different shapes.

Nanocrystals are fundamental to modern science and technology. Mastery over the shape of a nanocrystal enables control of its properties and enhancement of its usefulness for a given application. Our aim is to present a comprehensive review of current research activities that center on the shape-controlled synthesis of metal nanocrystals. We begin with a brief introduction to nucleation and growth within the context of metal nanocrystal synthesis, followed by a discussion of the possible shapes that a metal nanocrystal might take under different conditions. We then focus on a variety of experimental parameters that have been explored to manipulate the nucleation and growth of metal nanocrystals in solution-phase syntheses in an effort to generate specific shapes. We then elaborate on these approaches by selecting examples in which there is already reasonable understanding for the observed shape control or at least the protocols have proven to be reproducible and controllable. Finally, we highlight a number of applications that have been enabled and/or enhanced by the shape-controlled synthesis of metal nanocrystals. We conclude this article with personal perspectives on the directions toward which future research in this field might take.

Shape‐Controlled Synthesis of Metal Nanocrystals: Simple Chemistry Meets Complex Physics?

A surface science perspective on TiO2 photocatalysis

3D nanostructures have attracted much attention because of their unique properties and potential applications. The simplest synthetic route to 3D nanostructures is probably selfassembly, in which ordered aggregates are formed in a spontaneous process. However, it is still a big challenge to develop simple and reliable synthetic methods for hierarchically selfassembled architectures with designed chemical components and controlled morphologies, which strongly affect the properties of nanomaterials. Iron oxides have been extensively studied in diverse fields including catalysis, environment protection, sensors, magnetic storage media, and clinical diagnosis and treatment. Various iron oxide structures, such as nanocrystals, particles, cubes, spindles, rods, wires, tubes, and flakes, have been successfully fabricated by a variety of methods. However, the self-assembly of these low-dimensional building blocks into complex 3D ordered nanostructures is still considerably more difficult. In order to further understand the mechanism of self-organization and expand the applications of iron oxide nanomaterials, self-assembled iron oxide 3D nanostructures need to be explored in more detail. Herein, we report the synthesis of novel 3D flowerlike iron oxide nanostructures by an ethylene glycol (EG)-mediated self-assembly process. Such a method has been adopted previously for the preparation of V2O5 hollow microspheres, [7]

Self‐Assembled 3D Flowerlike Iron Oxide Nanostructures and Their Application in Water Treatment

Recovery and reuse of expensive catalysts after catalytic reactions are important factors for sustainable process management. The aim of this Review is to highlight the progress in the formation and catalytic applications of magnetic nanoparticles and magnetic nanocomposites. Directed functionalization of the surfaces of nanosized magnetic materials is an elegant way to bridge the gap between heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis. The introduction of magnetic nanoparticles in a variety of solid matrices allows the combination of well-known procedures for catalyst heterogenization with techniques for magnetic separation.

Magnetically Separable Nanocatalysts: Bridges between Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis

Magnetic nanocomposite catalysts with high activity and selectivity for selective hydrogenation of ortho-chloronitrobenzene

Surface modification of small platinum nanoclusters with alkylamine and alkylthiol: An XPS study on the influence of organic ligands on the Pt 4f binding energies of small platinum nanoclusters

An efficient ruthenium catalyst for selective hydrogenation of ortho-chloronitrobenzene prepared via assembling ruthenium and tin oxide nanoparticles

Using oxalate as a stabilizing agent, stable colloidal solutions of platinum nanoparticles of different shape distributions were prepared by reducing K2[Pt(C2O4)2], K2PtCl6, or K2PtCl4 with hydrogen. The mean diameters of the Pt nanoparticles prepared from these precursors are 6.5, 3.5, and 7.9 nm, respectively. UV−vis absorption spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy studies on the preparation processes and the products indicate that not only the rate of reduction and particle size but also the shape distributions of the prepared Pt nanoparticles depend on the used precursors. The reduction of K2[Pt(C2O4)2] in water at room temperature is quite slow, while adding suitable amounts of CaCl2 or increasing temperature can accelerate the reduction process. Pt nanoparticles prepared from K2[Pt(C2O4)2] have quite narrow size and shape distributions, and the selectivity of cubic nanoparticles is greater than 90%. Adding CaCl2 in the reaction system does not obviously affect the size and shape distribu...

Shape-Selective Preparation and Properties of Oxalate-Stabilized Pt Colloid

Colloidal solutions of thin platinum nanowires having lengths of 10 to 70 nm and diameters of 1.5–3 nm were prepared by reducing K2PtCl4 with hydrogen in a glycol solution containing K2C2O4 and preformed Pt seeds. TEM, HRTEM, XRD and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy were used to study the structure of the obtained nanowires and the effect of preparation conditions, such as pH value, temperature, preformed Pt nanoseeds and stabilizing agents, on the morphology of the products. The mechanism for forming the thin Pt nanowires in the absence of a 1D structure template was discussed based on the experimental results. Stable colloidal solutions of mercaptan-modified Pt nanowires were prepared for the first time by transferring the prepared thin Pt nanowires into toluene containing octadecylmercaptan.

Preparation of colloidal solutions of thin platinum nanowires

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