Many fungi, lichens, and bacteria produce xanthones (derivatives of 9H-xanthen-9-one, “xanthone” from the Greek “xanthos”, for “yellow”) as secondary metabolites. Xanthones are typically polysubstituted and occur as either fully aromatized, dihydro-, tetrahydro-, or, more rarely, hexahydro-derivatives. This family of compounds appeals to medicinal chemists because of their pronounced biological activity within a notably broad spectrum of disease states, a result of their interaction with a correspondingly diverse range of target biomolecules. This has led to the description of xanthones as “privileged structures”.(1) Historically, the total synthesis of the natural products has mostly been limited to fully aromatized targets. Syntheses of the more challenging partially saturated xanthones have less frequently been reported, although the development in recent times of novel and reliable methods for the construction of the (polysubstituted) unsaturated xanthone core holds promise for future endeavors. In particular, the fascinating structural and biological properties of xanthone dimers and heterodimers may excite the synthetic or natural product chemist.

Xanthones from fungi, lichens, and bacteria : the natural products and their synthesis

Iridoid glycosides are natural products occurring widely in many herbal plants. Geniposide (C17H24O10) is a well-known one, present in nearly 40 species belonging to various families, especially the Rubiaceae. Along with this herbal component, dozens of its natural derivatives have also been isolated and characterized by researchers. Furthermore, a large body of pharmacological evidence has proved the various biological activities of geniposide, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-diabetic, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, cholagogic effects and so on. However, there have been some research articles on its toxicity in recent years. Therefore, this review paper aims to provide the researchers with a comprehensive profile of geniposide on its phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicology in order to highlight some present issues and future perspectives as well as to help us develop and utilize this iridoid glycoside more efficiently and safely.

A Review on the Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics and Toxicology of Geniposide, a Natural Product

Fruits and vegetables are an important part of a healthy diet. In this regard, Carica papaya (papaya) is one of them, a native to Mexico and northern South America, now naturalized in many parts of the world including tropical and subtropical regions. The papaya fruit pulp is rich in minerals and many vitamins, while seed contains glucosinolates, tocopherols, carotenoids, and benzyl isothiocyanate. Papaya is known for numerous activities such as antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer activity, anti-fertility agent, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, and many more due to the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, and alkaloids as the key phytochemicals. Many commercial products obtained from different plant parts are available in the market and are being utilized for various purposes. More specifically, papaya fruit is used to produce a large number of processed foods such as jam, jelly, pickle, candied fruit, puree, concentrate, and canned slices/chunks. Fruit peels find its application in cosmetics, in wastewater treatment, as animal feed, and as a binder in ceramics. Papaya leaf, bark, root, and seeds have also shown the insecticidal and repellent activities. More interestingly, in the recent past, papaya and different parts are used for nanoparticle synthesis which has shown numerous applications. This review mainly focuses on the various phytochemicals present in different parts of plant C. papaya, their pharmacological activities, and several other applications. For writing this review paper, a literature survey was carried out via classic books of medicinal and fruit plants. Online scientific databases, for instance, PubMed, Scopus, Sci Finder, Science Direct, the Web of Science, Wiley Online, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, and other search engines were explored up to October 2020 to detect valid reports, studies, and investigations. All literature on the proposed topics were analyzed and summarized in this review paper.

Phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, nanoparticle fabrication, commercial products and waste utilization of Carica papaya L.: A comprehensive review

Flavanols, a common class of secondary plant metabolites, exhibit several beneficial health properties by acting as antioxidant, anticarcinogen, cardioprotective, anti-microbial, anti-viral, and neuroprotective agents. Furthermore, some flavanols are considered functional ingredients in dairy products. Based on their structural features and health-promoting functions, flavanols have gained the attention of pharmacologists and botanists worldwide. This review collects and summarizes 121 flavanols comprising four categories: flavan-3-ols, flavan-4-ols, isoflavan-4-ols, and flavan-3,4-ols. The research of the various structural features and pharmacological activities of flavanols and their derivatives aims to lay the groundwork for subsequent research and expect to provide mentality and inspiration for the research. The current study provides a starting point for further research and development.

/pdf/flavanols-from-nature-a-phytochemistry-and-biological-3a66n89f.pdf

Flavanols from Nature: A Phytochemistry and Biological Activity Review

Chrysanthemum, an ornamental genus with considerable medicinal value: A comprehensive review

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/vjch.2019000107

Halogenated sesquiterpenes from the red alga Laurencia intermedia Yamada

Friedelin (1), 5α‐stigmast‐22‐ene‐3‐one (2), chrysophanol (3), physcion (4), 4'‐O‐methylalpinumisoflavone (5), and tetracosanoic acid (6) were isolated from the n‐hexane extract of Leonotias nepetifolia (L.) R. Br collected at Ba Ria ‐ Vung Tau province, Vietnam. The chemical structures of these compounds were elucidated by MS and NMR spectroscopic analysis as well as compared with data in the literature. These compounds were known in Leonotis nepetifolia for the first time. Further studies on this plant are in progress.

Chemical constituents of the n‐hexane extract of Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R. Br (Lamiaceae)

Olax imbricata, a species of the family Olacaceae, possessing antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities, has been used as a traditional remedy for diabetes. Our study on Olax imbricata led to the isolation of three fatty compounds, including (E)-henicos-7-en-9-ynoic acid (1), (E)henicos-7-en-9-ynoylglycerol (or 2,3-dihydroxypropyl (E)henicos-7-en-9-ynoate) (2) and 6,7,8,9-tetrahydroxyhexadeca4,10-diynoic acid (3). Their chemical structures were elucidated by 1D, 2D NMR and MS analyses. To the best of our knowledge, these substances were isolated for the first time from the nature.

Fatty Compounds from Olax Imbricata

Chemical constituents of chloroform extract from the lichen Ramalina peruviana Arch (Ramalinaceae)

Chemical constituents of leaves of Passiflora Incarnata Linn. (Passifloraceae)

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