Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as drug carriers: clinical relevance.

Nowadays, magnetic nanoparticles play a key role in drug treatment. However, if they are uncoated, they might aggregate and cause embolism in drug delivery. To avoid this, they are generally coated with polymers. In this investigation, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were coated with chitosan through in situ co-precipitation process and their properties in addition to their cytotoxicity in MCF7 and fibroblast cells were analyzed. The results showed MNPs–chitosan nanoparticles would contain an average mean diameter of 32 nm and a saturation magnetization (M
 S) value of 38.87 emu/g. To characterize the synthesized nanoparticles in terms of structural, morphological and magnetic properties, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) studies were used. Toxicity test was also done to investigate whether their presence would cause any toxicity in the body; in addition, antibacterial assay was done to analyze if nanoparticles could be used as an antimicrobial agent.

Preparation and Characterization of Magnetite–Chitosan Nanoparticles and Evaluation of Their Cytotoxicity Effects on MCF7 and Fibroblast Cells

The idea of mucoadhesive was derived from the requirement to localize medication at a particular site within the body. Extent of drug absorption are often increased by increasing duration of the drug at the absorption site within the GI tract. Since several medication are absorbed solely from the higher a part of the bowel localizing oral drug delivery systems within the abdomen or within the small intestine would considerably improve the extent of drug absorption The idea of mucoadhesive was derived from the requirement to localize medication at a particular site within the body. Extent of drug absorption is often increased by increasing duration of the drug at the absorption site within the GI tract. Since several medication are absorbed solely from the higher a part of the bowel localizing oral drug delivery systems within the abdomen or within the small intestine would considerably improve the extent of drug absorption

/pdf/evaluation-of-oral-mucoadhesive-metoprolol-succinate-11f0atthko.pdf

Evaluation of Oral Mucoadhesive Metoprolol succinate Controlled Release Tablets

Delivering therapeutic compound to the target site is a noteworthy issue in treatment of numerous diseases. A conventional application of drugs is characterized by limited effectiveness, poor bio distribution, and lack of selectivity [1 5]. These confinements and draw backs can be overcome by controlling drug delivery In controlled drug delivery systems [DDS] the drug is transported to the place of action, thus, its influence on vital tissues and undesirable side effects can be minimized.[6 10]

/pdf/nano-drug-delivery-system-a-mini-review-smmc3ze3fh.pdf

Nano drug delivery system - a mini review

Superparamagnetic hyperthermia, obtained by increasing the temperature to 42–43 °C in tumor tissue where magnetic nanoparticles are found, as a result of superparamagnetic relaxation, following the application of an external alternating magnetic field at a frequency of hundreds of kiloherz, is an alternative method that is noninvasive and apparently lacking toxicity and that has real potential as a cancer therapy. However, magnetic nanoparticles used as thermal mediators play a very important role in the efficacy of the method in the irreversible destruction of tumors. The NPs must meet a number of physical and magnetic characteristics in order to obtain the maximum hyperthermal effect, but also a reduced or even lack of toxicity on healthy cells. This chapter presents just this aspect of biocompatibility/cytotoxicity and nanoformulations of magnetic nanoparticles for their use in superparamagnetic hyperthermia. We will consider the recent nanoformulations that could be used successfully in superparamagnetic hyperthermia, tested in vitro and in vivo, as well as current trends in dual therapy, thermochemotherapy, or thermo-radiotherapy.

Magnetic Nanoparticle Nanoformulations for Alternative Therapy of Cancer by Magnetic/Superparamagnetic Hyperthermia

Background: Magnetic drug targeting (MDT) uses magnetic fields to localize magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) to tumor. Once localized, applying an alternating magnetic field (AMF) to the MNPs generates heat energy. Poly-N-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPA) is a thermosensitive polymer that contracts when heated, releasing any drugs which are bound to it. Utilizing these properties, MNP coated with PNIPA polymer on to which doxorubicin is loaded can be localized to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with an external magnetic field. Application of an AMF will then generate localized magnetic hyperthermia (MH) within the tumor, thus releasing bound doxorubicin. This study explores this novel drug delivery model which can be used for targeted dual therapy (MDT and MH) of HCC.
Aim: To demonstrate that doxorubicin-loaded-PNIPA-coated-MNP can be delivered intra-arterially to target HCC in a rat model and that heat is generated and doxorubicin is released when an AMF is applied.
Methods: Morris hepatoma cells are implanted into the livers of buffalo rats. HCC development is confirmed on MRI using a specially-constructed rat-MRI coil. 0.5 ml of doxorubicin-loaded-PNIPA-coated-MNP solution is injected into the hepatic artery and localization of MNP in HCC is confirmed with MRI. Rats are sacrificed for histology of liver and other organs. AMF is applied to doxorubicin-loaded-PNIPA-coated-MNP solution and the temperature measured to demonstrate local hyperthermia in vitro. The amount of doxorubicin released is measured by spectrophotometry.
Results: Successful intra-arterial delivery of MNP was confirmed on post-injection MRI. On histology, iron particles were seen in HCC but not in normal liver or other organs. When AMF was applied, temperature of the suspension reached the target temperature of 42°C within 5 minutes and remained within hyperthermia range(42°C-48°C) for 15 minutes. During this period of hyperthermia, 4.7% (~71 μg) of loaded doxorubicin was released.
Conclusions: We have demonstrated in a rat model the feasibility of intra-arterial doxorubicin-loaded-PNIPA-coated-MNP for synergistic dual therapy of HCC using targeted hyperthermia and doxorubicin.

Novel Dual Magnetic Drug Targeting and Hyperthermia Therapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Thermosensitive Polymer-Coated Nanoparticles

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Novel Dual Magnetic Drug Targeting and Hyperthermia Therapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Thermosensitive Polymer-Coated Nanoparticles