Analyzing relational sources of power at the interorganizational communication system

It is a known fact that the progress and development of different nations of the world is strongly connected with the type of materials under their use. This paper highlighted the development of nanotechnology in some selected countries of the world through a careful review of their road maps by way of public and private initiatives, funding/investment profile, human resources development, industrial potentials, and focus in order to draw inferences. The peculiar challenges and opportunities for some African nations and other least developed countries (LDC) were drawn for their economic and technological developments. This investigation was simply based on open access literatures. The review showed that although nanotechnology is new globally, most countries of the world have had growing public and private investments aimed at bringing about new materials and systems that can impact positively on their economy and ensure their global competitiveness and sustainability. The global scenario suggests the crucial role of cooperation in a multidisciplinary collaboration/partnership between government ministries, agencies, institutions, and private sector/donor agencies in order to pool enough resource capital required for activities in nanotechnology.

/pdf/initiatives-and-strategies-for-development-of-nanotechnology-4f3xool1f2.pdf

Initiatives and strategies for development of nanotechnology in nations: a lesson for Africa and other least developed countries

This paper aims to assess the diffusion and adoption of nanotechnology knowledge within the Turkish scientific community using social network analysis and bibliometrics. We retrieved a total of 10,062 records of nanotechnology papers authored by Turkish researchers between 2000 and 2011 from Web of Science and divided the data set into two 6-year periods. We analyzed the most prolific and collaborative authors and universities on individual, institutional and international levels based on their network properties (e.g., centrality) as well as the nanotechnology research topics studied most often by the Turkish researchers. We used co-word analysis and mapping to identify the major nanotechnology research fields in Turkey on the basis of the co-occurrence of words in the titles of papers. We found that nanotechnology research and development in Turkey is on the rise and its diffusion and adoption have increased tremendously thanks to the Turkish government's decision a decade ago identifying nanotechnology as a strategic field and providing constant support since then. Turkish researchers tend to collaborate within their own groups or universities and the overall connectedness of the network is thus low. Their publication and collaboration patterns conform to Lotka's law. They work mainly on nanotechnology applications in Materials Sciences, Chemistry and Physics, among others. This is commensurate, more or less, with the global trends in nanotechnology research and development.

/pdf/diffusion-of-nanotechnology-knowledge-in-turkey-and-its-1ul73mpakj.pdf

Diffusion of nanotechnology knowledge in Turkey and its network structure

Nanoscience is the study of phenomena at the nanoscale, where materials have different properties from those presented in classical physics In the daily work of laboratories, science and technology are integrated giving birth to a common practice denominated Nanotechnoscience This field configures a complex practice that co-creates a market with expected social and economic benefits, while generating new and unknown risks, both in terms of human health and the environment This market is a sociotechnical network under which agents maximize their interests through economic calculations and where conflicts are solved through prices The benefits of nanotechnology could be traced across economic sectors, promising new solutions to social problems These aggregated promises, which are in permanent interaction with public policies, forge future expectations and put pressure on the process of allocation of national public resources, and shape the future of society in its whole Hence, it is crucial to involve society in the governance of the nanotechnoscientific network from its early developments in order to achieve social responsibility Experts, private companies, government agencies and society should be involved in an interactive process of responsible innovation, allowing a deliberative confrontation between different views and interpretations that would provide sustainable governance Following Actor Network Theory, investments in the nano market could be interpreted as one of the most important inscriptions and translations of network interactions Hence, it is crucial to develop tools to socially and economically valuate these investments, both from the point of view of private investors and from the governments While the traditional perspective on economic investments revolves around the notion of equilibrium and only offers actuarial assessment tools, the dynamic economic, social and political perspective of this thesis allows the integration of previously neglected social and environmental issues into a valuation framework that could be used by policy makers and investors This thesis contributes to the theory of techno-scientific governance by unpacking the nano-practice, its market and associated risks It examines how the nano-practice, its industrial dynamics and society interact to create a market with new risks and benefits After a demarcation and articulation of the concepts of sustainable nanogovernance and RRI responsible, this thesis evidences that the nanotechnology dynamics in Argentina is regulated by a de facto governance Even though the State steers the productive sector (through funding and regulation) to address social inclusion, its top-down perspective to policy making excludes society from the different stages of the decision-making process As a response to this finding, this thesis recommends the incorporation of a bottom-up public management approach that integrates the recognition of the centrality of the interactions between society and nature - allowing policy makers to work with and for society

Establishing a sustainable nanogovernance in Argentina. Nanotechnology with and for society

For reviewing science and technology policies of a country, an advisable beginning point is a pragmatic evaluation of its current state in technology progress. An appropriate tool used to measure the technology progress is the composite index of technology achievement which enlightens the level of technological progress and the readiness of a country to participate in knowledge-based economy. Technology achievement index (TAI) assists a country to check status of its technological progress relative to others. In the current study, TAI 2014 of OIC member states (TAI-14-OIC) is developed to analyse the situation of technological progress of OIC countries. Countries have been ranked on the basis of TAI which stands on four pillars, namely, technology creation, diffusion of old innovations, diffusion of recent innovations and development of human skills. Ranking of countries in these dimensions on the basis of their indices is also presented. Comparative analysis of some S&T indicators of OIC countries with O...

Assessment of Technological Capabilities of OIC Countries

Turkey is one of the up-and-coming economies in the World A prerequisite to play for such a role is to have some targeted development strategies that include issues such as science and technology and education The set of strategies Turkey is currently set on can be summarized under three major headings: become a legitimate partner of an economic Consortium in the World—such as the European Union or Black Sea Economic Federation; set targets for an education policy to concentrate on certain disciplines that are visioned to further economic and societal objectives; and choose and invest in those industries that Turkey could play a competitive role in the foreseeable future Turkish policy makers and economists as well as universities have been tinkering on these very important strategic aspects of the country’s future In this chapter, our focus is largely economic to the extent that economic sphere can be separated from the political one However, one has to note that increasing importance of Turkey’s geopolitical position is well intertwined with its increasing importance as an economic player Turkey, however, has to live up to this role that history and changing economic balances in the world have tailored for her

Nanotechnology in Turkey

It is Richard Feynman who inspired the theoretical and applied scientists to concentrate on nanotechnology with his famous lecture: “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” (1959). In particular he pointed out a direction which no one has probed until that time: image and manipulate atoms and molecules and fabricate structures and devices atom by atom and molecule by molecule (Liu 2009).

Nanotechnology: A Descriptive Account

It is no secret that the world is now changing at a rapid pace which is mainly driven by the accumulation of scientific knowledge and technological applications that follow it. However, we also observe that those who are in most need to benefit from innovations do not receive these benefits, i.e., the developing and underdeveloped countries.

Education, Science and Technology in Developing Countries

The restructuring of the academic and scientific system that is developed in Brazil over the last 5 decades has been critical for having intense research on nanotechnology in the country. Many governmental grants have been extended for research in several sub-disciplines of nanotechnology. Particularly interdisciplinary research has been encouraged that included nanotechnology, biology, and health sciences by employing computer science and mathematics.

Nanotechnology in Brazil

As it is explained by Gonzalez-Barrientos et al. (2010), Argentina has a long scientific tradition that has led three Argentineans to obtain Nobel Prizes: Bernardo Houssay, in Physiology and Medicine 1947, Luis Federico Leloir, in Chemistry 1970 and Cesar Milstein, in Medicine 1984. Obtaining one Nobel Prize in chemistry and two in medicine cannot possibly be viewed as accidental.

Nanotechnology in Argentina

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