Studies proved that output growth is mainly associated with the Total Factor Productivity (TFP) growth and variables that affect the TFP have an important explanatory power on output. In this regards, the aim of this study is to examine the causal relationship between different types of energy consumption and TFP growth in the BRICS from 1992 to 2012. A panel bootstrap Granger causality test by Konya (2006) [68] was employed to investigate the direction of possible connection between energy consumption and TFP growth. Results show that no remarkable causal link exists between renewable energy consumption and TFP growth in the BRICS. However, in the case of non-renewables, energy consumption creates a positive externality that contributes economic development in Brazil and South Africa by the growth of TFP as well as energy use itself. In this respect, policies that promote coal and non-renewable electricity consumption in South Africa and natural gas consumption in Brazil may be beneficial for their economic development.

Does renewable and/or non-renewable energy consumption matter for total factor productivity (TFP) growth? Evidence from the BRICS

Global warming and environmental degradation caused essentially by changes in climate have attracted enormous surveillance considering the menace of its reverberation on the health of humans during the past two decades. Utilization of energy and financial development (FD) are among the key drivers of climatic change. Thus, using second-generation panel cointegration (the Westerlund, 2007 error-correction model), pooled mean group autoregressive distributive lag model (PMG-ARDL), and the panel dynamic ordinary least square (PDOLS) estimation techniques, the paper scrutinized the nexus between financial development, clean energy usage, economic growth, and environmental quality (proxied by CO2 emissions) of BRICS countries starting from 1980 to 2018. The findings from the study reveal that economic growth and labor force participation, in the long run, deteriorate the environmental quality by increasing the effusion of carbon. Contrarily, financial development, industrialization, trade openness, and renewable energy usage enhance the environmental quality of BRICS countries in the long run. In the short run, financial development was found to have a significant positive impact on the environmental quality of Brazil, China, and Russia, while it is negative for South Africa and India. The outcome of the PVECM Granger causality test reveals a two-way Granger causality that runs from renewable energy to carbon emissions in the short run. The policy implication of this study is that the government of BRICS countries needs to concentrate on improving their clean energy sources and also work on their industries. The BRICS nations' governments should formulate financial and trade policies that promote a sustainable environment and economic development. 

Will financial development and clean energy utilization rejuvenate the environment in BRICS economies?

Green total factor productivity (GTFP) is an index that demonstrates the concept of sustainable development. It can be used to measure the degree of coordination between industrial development and environmental protection. Considering shortage of studies on agricultural GTFP and the urgency of hog breeding’s long-term development, our paper puts forward the study of GTFP of pig-breeding in China for the first time. Firstly, five main pollutants discharged by hog breeding of 18 provinces from 2007 to 2011 are estimated respectively. They are added into a variables list that is commonly used to estimate total factor productivity. Then, based on those data, the Super-SBM model is employed to estimate GTFP of hog breeding for three kinds of scales in these provinces. The empirical result shows: 1) GTFP of 18 provinces are higher than that at the national level, but the majority of them do not achieve efficient production; 2) hog breeding industry transferred from traditional producing areas to middle areas is not followed up with efficiency improvement. other areas, like northeast, coast, and southwest see GTFP transference that is more efficient due to their resource endowments.Via gray correlation analysis, this paper finds that, in most cases, GTFP is discouraged by increasing pollution control degree. Finally, we proposed some suggestions to promote sustainable development of hog breeding.

Green Total Factor Productivity of Hog Breeding in China: Application of SE-SBM Model and Grey Relation Matrix

/pdf/policies-and-measures-for-sustainable-and-energy-efficient-3a1zv7dm8t.pdf

Policies and Measures for Sustainable and Energy Efficient Urban Freight Transport

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to use a neoclassical factor pricing approach to carbon emissions, and consider whether the productivity of carbon emissions differs in Sub-Saharan Africa relative to the rest of the world. Design/methodology/approach – Allowing for possible cross-country dependency and correlation in the effects of the factors of production on the level of gross domestic product per capita, the authors estimate the parameters of a cross-country net production function with carbon emissions as an input. Findings – While there is a “Sub-Saharan Africa effect” whereby carbon emissions are less productive as an input relative to the rest of the world; practically it is equally productive relative to all other countries suggesting a unfavorable distributional impact if Sub-Saharan Africa were to implement carbon emissions reductions consistent with the Kyoto Protocol. Research limitations/implications – If global warming is not anthropogenic or caused by carbon emissions, the parameter e...

Can Black Africa afford to be Green Africa

Using U.S. state-level data for the period 1973–1994, this study models the relationship between emissions, output and pollution abatement by defining an emissions function, in a manner that is consistent with the residual (emissions) generation mechanism and firms' optimizing behavior. It thus accounts for factors that were previously unaccounted for or addressed only individually. Applications using this comprehensive setting can offer more informed insights for policy-making, something that is particularly useful for developing countries that face the environmental degradation that comes together with the benefits of economic growth. Using nonparametric econometric techniques as well as threshold regression, the empirical results show that there is a positive nonlinear relationship between emissions and output, rejecting an inverted-U type of relationship between the two (the Environmental Kuznets Curve, or EKC). In the absence of abatement the relationship turns around, verifying the arguments in the literature that abatement is one of the driving forces for an EKC to emerge.

/pdf/output-and-pollution-abatement-in-a-u-s-state-emission-it30txvlfb.pdf

Output and Pollution Abatement in a U.S. State Emission Function

This paper investigates the effect of sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions on the Total Factor Productivity (TFP) growth among 48 contiguous U.S. states, for the period 1965-2002. The relationship between TFP growth and emissions is examined using nonparametric econometric techniques that allow for the estimation of the elasticity of pollution for each state and each period and to account for possible nonlinearities in the data. The results indicate that both pollutants positively affect TFP growth. Moreover this effect is nonlinear. The average output elasticity for all states is 0.005 for SO2 and 0.04 for NOx emissions.

/pdf/the-effect-of-emissions-on-u-s-state-total-factor-20eqlzps96.pdf

The Effect of Emissions on U.S. State Total Factor Productivity Growth

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Output and Pollution Abatement in a U.S. State Emission Function

The Effect of Emissions on U.S. State Total Factor Productivity Growth