Environmentalists often argue that, in order to address fundamentally the harmful impact of their activities on the environment, western industrial societies need to change their attitude to nature. Specifically, they need to see nature as sacred, and to acknowledge that humanity is a part of nature rather than separate from it. In this paper, I seek to show that these two ideas are incompatible in the context of western culture. Drawing particularly on ideas expressed by western conservationists, I argue that nature is already seen as sacred, and that its sacredness depends on it being seen as separate from humanity, an idea which effectively contradicts the scientific knowledge on which many conservationists base their actions. Goodin's green theory of value is used as a source of ideas about why non-human nature is experienced as sacred, and can be extended to suggest that other values, such as 'development' and 'progress' , are also seen as sacred.

Nature is Already Sacred

The period of the 18th and 19th centuries was one of great change in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland. Improvement, the Jacobite Rebellions, and the Clearances transformed its communities and landscapes. These events have rightly been a focus of research. However, archaeological approaches have often sought simply to illustrate these processes, rather than create new narratives about life in the past. The resulting picture of the period can over-emphasise economic change whilst failing to reflect the richness and variety of everyday life.
This thesis aims to suggest a new approach to the place and period, one which addresses matters often ignored in previous work. Whilst it has an archaeological sensibility, it draws on ideas from outside archaeology, such as landscape theory and on Gaelic oral tradition, an underused resource, to create a novel and broad-based approach to the period. An important part of the method is a synchronic approach that seeks to reconstruct the experience of the landscape at very particular times, engaging fully with the everyday experience of landscape rather than grand historical narratives. Two Hebridean case studies are utilised: Hiort (St Kilda) and Loch Aoineart, South Uist. Thematic discussions drawn from these landscapes are intended as critical assessments of the efficacy of the approach, as well as new narratives about life in the past in themselves. 
The thesis concludes by comparing the two case studies, reflecting on the merits of the approach, discussing recurrent themes in the work, and considering its wider context and implications. It is concluded that taking a novel approach to the case study landscapes can create narratives that often contrast or expand upon those produced by previous scholars, allow for a more detailed consideration of everyday life in the period, and open up new areas for archaeological enquiry. The extensive and critical use of evidence from Gaelic oral tradition is highlighted as crucial in understanding life and society in the period. The thesis questions the utility of grand historical narratives as a framework for archaeological study of post-medieval Gaeldom and suggests that our understanding of the past is best served by approaching the evidence in ways which allows for many different voices and stories from the past to emerge.

'Mo rùn am fearann' - 'My love is the land' : Gaelic landscapes of the 18th and 19th centuries

(1990). The old guard and ‘Countrymindedness’ during the great depression. Journal of Australian Studies: Vol. 14, No. 27, pp. 52-64.

The old guard and ‘Countrymindedness’ during the great depression∗

/pdf/the-private-memoirs-and-confessions-of-a-justified-collector-4a1sc0v5sz.pdf

The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Collector of Scottish Books

In this paper, we provide original evidence on the economic role of placement agents as the financial intermediaries between general and limited partners in private equity. Our research is based on 902 private equity funds raised over the period of 1990 to 2011. This data shows that general partners hire placement agents to provide funding for approximately one tenth of the private equity funds they manage. The multitude of services provided by placement agents adds value to both general as well as limited partners. We find a positive impact from the placement agent’s relative fees on a fund’s performance. Similar to other financial intermediaries, the costliness of the placement agent decreases with the investment amounts committed by the limited partners. The fee levels are determined by negotiations with a general partner as well as by the phenomenon of free riding. Further, we find that placement agents do not take advantage of the heterogeneity of the fund’s returns and the potentially high benefits of successful investment picks. Namely, they predominantly prefer to charge their clients fixed fees. We conclude from our findings that limited partners succeed in picking better performing funds because they invest relatively higher amounts of their available allocations of private equity into the funds that yield higher returns.

Costliness of Placement Agents

The New Road

The Daft Days

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The New Road

The Daft Days