Sustainable water recycling and wastewater reuse are urgent nowadays considering water scarcity and increased water consumption through human activities. In 2015, United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 6 (UN SDG6) highlighted the necessity of recycling wastewater to guarantee water availability for individuals. Currently, wastewater irrigation (WWI) of crops and agricultural land appears essential. The present work overviews the quality of treated wastewater in terms of soil microbial activities, and discusses challenges and benefits of WWI in line with wastewater reuse in agriculture and aquaculture irrigation. Combined conventional-advanced wastewater treatment processes are specifically deliberated, considering the harmful impacts on human health arising from WWI originating from reuse of contaminated water (salts, organic pollutants, toxic metals, and microbial pathogens i.e., viruses and bacteria). The comprehensive literature survey revealed that, in addition to the increased levels of pathogen and microbial threats to human wellbeing, poorly-treated wastewater results in plant and soil contamination with toxic organic/inorganic chemicals, and microbial pathogens. The impact of long-term emerging pollutants like plastic nanoparticles should also be established in further studies, with the development of standardized analytical techniques for such hazardous chemicals. Likewise, the reliable, long-term and extensive judgment on heavy metals threat to human beings's health should be explored in future investigations. 

Wastewater treatment for reuse in agriculture: Prospects and challenges.

An overview of genome engineering in plants, including its scope, technologies, progress and grand challenges

Microorganisms are an important element in modeling sustainable agriculture. Their role in soil fertility and health is crucial in maintaining plants’ growth, development, and yield. Further, microorganisms impact agriculture negatively through disease and emerging diseases. Deciphering the extensive functionality and structural diversity within the plant–soil microbiome is necessary to effectively deploy these organisms in sustainable agriculture. Although both the plant and soil microbiome have been studied over the decades, the efficiency of translating the laboratory and greenhouse findings to the field is largely dependent on the ability of the inoculants or beneficial microorganisms to colonize the soil and maintain stability in the ecosystem. Further, the plant and its environment are two variables that influence the plant and soil microbiome’s diversity and structure. Thus, in recent years, researchers have looked into microbiome engineering that would enable them to modify the microbial communities in order to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the inoculants. The engineering of environments is believed to support resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors, plant fitness, and productivity. Population characterization is crucial in microbiome manipulation, as well as in the identification of potential biofertilizers and biocontrol agents. Next-generation sequencing approaches that identify both culturable and non-culturable microbes associated with the soil and plant microbiome have expanded our knowledge in this area. Additionally, genome editing and multidisciplinary omics methods have provided scientists with a framework to engineer dependable and sustainable microbial communities that support high yield, disease resistance, nutrient cycling, and management of stressors. In this review, we present an overview of the role of beneficial microbes in sustainable agriculture, microbiome engineering, translation of this technology to the field, and the main approaches used by laboratories worldwide to study the plant–soil microbiome. These initiatives are important to the advancement of green technologies in agriculture.

/pdf/the-microbial-connection-to-sustainable-agriculture-2q0v3iul.pdf

The Microbial Connection to Sustainable Agriculture

In the twenty-first century, nanotechnology has emerged as a potentially game-changing innovation. Essential minerals are mostly unavailable in modern cropping systems without the application of synthetic fertilizers, which have a serious negative impact on the ecosystem. This review focuses on the coupling of nanoparticles with biofertilizers to function as nano-biofertilizers (NBFs), which may ensure world food security in the face of the rising population. The inoculation of plants with NBFs improves plant development and resistance to stress. Metallic nanoparticles as well as organic components comprising polysaccharide and chitosan may be encapsulated, utilizing microbe-based green synthesis to make NBFs, which circumvents the limitations of conventional chemical fertilizers. The application of NBFs is just getting started, and shows more promise than other approaches for changing conventional farming into high-tech "smart" farming. This study used bibliographic analysis using Web of Science to find relevant papers on "nano biofertilizers", "plants", and "agriculture". These subjects have received a lot of attention in the literature, as shown by the co-citation patterns of these publications. The novel use of nanotechnology in agriculture is explored in this research work, which makes use of the unique characteristics of nanoscale materials to address urgent concerns including nutrient delivery, crop protection, and sustainable farming methods. This study attempts to fill in some of the gaps in our knowledge by discussing the formulation, fabrication, and characterization of NBFs, as well as elucidating the mechanisms by which NBFs interact with plants and how this benefits the ability of the plant to withstand biotic and abiotic stress brought about by climate change. This review also addresses recent developments and future directions in farming using NBF formulations in the field. 

Nano-Biofertilizer Formulations for Agriculture: A Systematic Review on Recent Advances and Prospective Applications

Extreme weather events and extreme poverty are two sides of the same coin, with far-reaching consequences for emerging nations like Pakistan. Rural people are more likely to experience poverty and inequality as climate change worsens. This research aspires to close the gap between environmental ethics and justice by investigating how climate change issues contribute to poverty in Pakistan. The study used Robust Least Squares (RLS) regression to analyze the impact of water scarcity, extreme temperatures, and excessive rainfall on rural poverty in Pakistan from 1990Q1 to 2022Q4. Further, the study examines the effect of environmental justice interventions, access to healthcare and education, agricultural value-added and agricultural mechanization on the country's rural poverty. Results reveal that climate change contributes to rural poverty in Pakistan, while environmental justice initiatives, healthcare access, and agricultural automation alleviate poverty incidence. The Impulse Response Function (IRF) estimates suggested that rural poverty will be exacerbated over the next decade by water scarcity, high temperatures, and low agricultural value added but alleviated by excessive rainfall, environmental justice intervention, healthcare access, and agricultural mechanization. According to Variance Decomposition Analysis (VDA) projections, agricultural value added will substantially impact rural poverty by 2032, increasing it by 11.431%. Addressing these problems requires policymakers to prioritize the interests of the most marginalized groups by fostering fair results. Policies should cut GHG emissions and encourage sustainable development to combat climate change. Modernizing farming techniques and expanding access to healthcare are also necessary for increasing efficiency and production. It is essential to execute environmental justice interventions so that all communities have access to environmental resources and protections equitably. Promoting equitable outcomes and reducing poverty in Pakistan's climate change context may be achieved by closing the gap between environmental ethics and justice. 

Beyond Climate Change: Examining the Role of Environmental Justice, Agricultural Mechanization, and Social Expenditures in Alleviating Rural Poverty

The agricultural sector and environmental safety both work hand in hand to promote sustainability in important issues like soil health, plant nutrition, food safety, and security. The conventional methods have greatly harmed the environment and people's health and caused soil fertility and quality to decline as well as deteriorate. Keeping in view the excessive exploitation and cascade of degradation events due to unsustainable farming practices, the need of the hour demands choosing an appropriate, eco-friendly strategy to restore soil health, plant nutrition, and environmental aspects. The priority highlights a need for a sustainable and environment-friendly upgradation of the present agricultural systems to utilize the beneficial aspects related to harnessing the gene-microbiome strategies which would help in the restoration and replenishment of the microbial pool. Thus, exploring the microbiome is the utmost priority which gives a deep insight into the different aspects related to soil and plant and stands out as an important contributor to plant health and productivity. "Microbes" are important drivers for the biogeochemical cycles and targets like sustainability and safety. This essential microbial bulk (soil microbiome) is greatly influenced by agricultural/farming practices. Therefore, with the help of microbiome engineering technologies like meta-transcriptomics, meta-proteomics, metabolomics, and novel gene-altering techniques, we can easily screen out the highly diverse and balanced microbial population in the bulk of soil, enhancing the soil's health and productivity. Importantly, we need to change our cultivation strategies to attain such sustainability. There is an urgent need to revert to natural/organic systems of cultivation patterns where the microbiome hub can be properly utilized to strengthen soil health, decrease insect pest and disease incidence, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and ultimately prevent environmental degradation. Through this article, we wish to propose a shift in the cultivation pattern from chemical to the novel, upgraded gene-assisted designed eco-friendly methodologies which can help in incorporating, exploring, and harnessing the right microbiome consortium and can further help in the progression of environmentally friendly microbiome technologies for agricultural safety and productivity. 

/pdf/host-mediated-gene-engineering-and-microbiome-based-1fzthngo.pdf

Host-mediated gene engineering and microbiome-based technology optimization for sustainable agriculture and environment

Era connecting nanotechnology with agricultural sustainability: issues and challenges

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Host-mediated gene engineering and microbiome-based technology optimization for sustainable agriculture and environment

Era connecting nanotechnology with agricultural sustainability: issues and challenges