This study explores the interaction of tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB), with an antibiotic drug, cefixime trihydrate (CMT), with a particular focus on conductivity changes as a reliable indicator of micelle formation. Influence of various alcohols (methanol (MeOH), ethanol (EtOH), 1-propanol (1-PrOH), 2-propanol (2-PrOH)), and urea on the physicochemical properties for micellization of TTAB in aq. alcohol/urea solution of CMT was investigated. As the concentration of alcohol and urea increases, the critical micelle concentration (CMC) undergoes a notable rise, while the degree of counterion binding (β) shows a decreasing trend as a function of [alcohols]/[urea]. Elevated temperatures impede the creation of micelles, directing to an increase in the CMC, thus necessitating a higher surfactant concentration for micelle development. The alterations in free energy (∆Gmo), enthalpy (∆Hmo), entropy (∆Smo), and molar heat capacity (∆Cm0) were analyzed to evaluate the feasibility and driving forces behind the process of micelle development. The negative values of ∆Gmoindicate that the formation of micelles in the system being studied occurs spontaneously. The ∆Hmo and ∆Smo values suggest the existence of electrostatic forces (ion-dipole and H-bonding) between the components (TTAB, CMT, and alcohol) in aq. MeOH media. In contrast, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic forces, and hydrophobic interactions are involved in the solutions of the other three alcohols and urea medium. The thermodynamic parameters of transfer (∆Gm,tr0, ∆Hm,tr0, and ∆Sm,tr0) and enthalpy-entropy compensation variables were computed and discussed for TTAB micelles in the presence of CMT drug in employed solvents. The discoveries hold significant implications for drug formulation and industrial processes concerning surfactants and additives, providing valuable insights for optimizing their performance and properties. 

Effects of short-chain alcohols and urea on the association of tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide surfactant and cefixime trihydrate antibiotic: Conductometric and physicochemical analysis

The interaction of the methyl orange (MO) dye with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) in propanol, butanol, and water was studied using spectrophotometry method. The NLREG approach was used to compute the distribution constant which is the lower as carbon number increases which resembles that value of distribution constant 0.07161476, 0.00060913, 0.00010865 is of water, 1-propanol, 1-butanol media respectively. The Benesi-Hilderbrand and Hashemi and Sun equations were also used to determine the binding constant (Kb) and Gibbs free energy of binding (ΔG°). As the alkyl chain lengthened, the ΔG° value shifted more negatively in comparison to water. The spontaneous nature of CTAB binding with MO was suggested by the negative value of ΔG°. As the concentration of CTAB in the water & alcoholic media increased, the MO absorption dramatically blue-shifted from 464 nm (water) to 440–450 nm (propanol, butanol). These findings showed that the alkyl chain plays a role in reducing absorbance. The MO absorbance in the water, 1-propanol or 1-butanol media decreased with increasing CTAB concentration (hyperchromic shift). 

Spectrophotometric investigation on interactions of Dye with Surfactant in aqueous as well as alcoholic media

The electrical conductivity technique was used to investigate the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of cationic surfactants N-alkyltrimethylammonium chloride (CnTAC; n = 12, 14, 16, and 18). Meanwhile, the interaction between CnTAC and indigo carmine (IC, an anionic dye) was studied using spectrophotometry. Employing the Benesi-Hildebrand and Scott equations, the binding constant (Kb) of IC to the cationic micelles was determined. Calculation of the Gibbs free energy (ΔG) revealed the tendency of IC to bind to micelles. The association between IC and CnTAC clearly depends on the CnTAC concentration: a lower surfactant concentration disrupts the IC-CnTAC complex and decreases IC adsorption, while a higher surfactant concentration has the opposite effect. The alkyl chain length of CnTAC was also found to affect the CMC, Kb, and thermodynamic parameters. A longer alkyl chain reduces the CMC and ΔG and increases Kb, leading to increased solubilization and high spontaneity of the dye. The binding of IC to micelles is ranked as C12TAC < C14TAC < C16TAC < C18TAC. 

Conductometric and spectral analyses of dye-surfactant interactions between indigo carmine and N-alkyltrimethylammonium chloride

This research presents the application of electrical conductivity measurements to ascertain the critical micelle concentration (CMC) values for N-alkyltrimethylammonium chloride surfactants (CnTAC; with alkyl chain lengths of n = 12, 14, 16, and 18). Complementary spectrophotometric analysis was conducted to probe the interactions between CnTAC series and Ethyl Orange (ETO), an anionic dye. Applying the Benesi-Hildebrand and Scott equations, we evaluated the binding constant (Kb) of the cationic micelles' interaction with ETO, which in turn facilitated calculations of Gibb's free energy (ΔG°) changes. These calculations provided insight into the binding affinity of ETO to the micelles. Our findings suggest that the interaction between ETO and CnTAC is contingent on the surfactant concentration, with higher concentrations leading to a disassociation of the ETO-CnTAC complex and a reduction in ETO adsorption. Notably, the alkyl chain length within CnTAC molecules critically affects various properties, including ΔG°, CMC, and other thermodynamic parameters that determine the surfactant's energetic behavior. The study underscores the importance of the alkyl chain length in dictating the interaction dynamics and properties of CnTAC surfactants. A trend was observed where longer alkyl chains lead to increased Kb values and reductions in both CMC and ΔG°, enhancing dye solubilization and interaction spontaneity. The affinity sequence of ETO to the micelles, influenced by alkyl chain length, was found to be C12TAC < C14TAC < C16TAC < C18TAC. 

Interaction of anionic dye ethyl orange and cationic CnTAC surfactants: A multi technique investigation

Spectroscopic and Conductometric Investigation of Mixed Micellar-Assisted Solubilization of Nile Blue Sulfate

Highlights • This paper focuses on interaction between methyl red and cetylpyridinium chloride. • Critical micelle concentration of cetylpyridinium chloride determined in presence of methyl red. • 0.1 to 0.4 volume fractions of CH 3 OH provided precise measure of the methyl red spectrum. Abstract The interaction between methyl red (azo dye) and cetylpyridinium chloride (cationic surfactant) in the methanol-water system were studied using a spectrophotometric technique. Variable parameters like constant dye concentration and its structure, surfactant concentration, pH, absorbance, and solvent composition were studied. Using the UV-Vis technique, critical micelle concentrations (CMCs) of cetylpyridinium chloride were measured with methyl red. The spectral data were analyzed and determined the differential absorbance, binding and partition constants, partition coefficient, the Gibbs free energy of binding and partition in mixed solvent media (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 volume fraction (v.f.)s of methanol, respectively).

/pdf/interaction-of-methyl-red-with-cetylpyridinium-chloride-in-1c1zxun0.pdf

Interaction of Methyl red with Cetylpyridinium chloride in Methanol-water system

Micellization pattern of cationic surfactants in presence of Azodye in methanol mixed media


 
 This study investigates the influence of methyl red (MR), an anionic azo dye, on the micellization and viscosity behavior of dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) in water–methanol mixed media at 298.15, 308.15, and 318.15 K. Viscosity measurements were performed using the viscous flow time (VFT) method with a Mansingh Survismeter across four methanol volume fractions (0.10, 0.20, 0.30, and 0.40). Critical micelle concentrations (CMCs) were determined from viscosity–concentration plots, and viscosity
 B
 coefficients were obtained from the Jones–Dole equation to probe solute–solvent interactions. The CMC increased systematically with increasing methanol volume fraction, from 14.3 (0.10 v.f.) to 19.8 mM (0.40 v.f.), confirming methanol's polarity‐lowering effect on micellization. The presence of MR decreased the CMC by 1.2–2.6 mM, depending on temperature, indicating strong dye–surfactant association. Positive viscosity
 B
 coefficients revealed mild but consistent ion–solvent interactions in all systems. These results confirm that MR interacts with DTAB through ion–ion and ion–solvent forces, promoting dye–surfactant ion pair (DSIP) formation and modifying micellar structure in mixed solvents.


Influence of Methanol and Azo Dye on the Viscosity of Cationic Surfactant Solutions at Varying Temperatures and Their Concentrations

Effect of Methyl Red on the surface properties of DTAB in CH3OH-H2O

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