Daunomycin and adriamycin, two potent cancer chemotherapeutic agents, were linked to immunoglobulins, making use of various covalent cross-linking methods. The most suitable method for binding of the drugs to the antibodies, which retained both antibody and drug activity, was periodate oxidation of the drug, followed by the linking of the oxidized drug to the immunoglobulin and subsequent reduction of the product with sodium borohydride. The activity of the drug-antibody conjugates was tested in vitro on tumor and normal cell cultures and was found to be similar to that of the free drug. A significant amount of antibody activity was retained, as found both with anti-bovine serum albumin antibodies, assayed by chemically modified bacteriophage, and with anti-mouse tumor antibodies, assayed by C'-dependent cytotoxicity.

With retention of both drug and antibody activities.

Iron-based nanoparticles in wastewater treatment: A review on synthesis methods, applications, and removal mechanisms

Wastewater generation and treatment is an ever-increasing concern in the current century due to increased urbanization and industrialization. To tackle the situation of increasing environmental hazards, numerous wastewater treatment approaches are used—i.e., physical, chemical, and biological (primary to tertiary treatment) methods. Various treatment techniques being used have the risks of producing secondary pollutants. The most promising technique is the use of different materials as adsorbents that have a higher efficacy in treating wastewater, with a minimal production of secondary pollutants. Biosorption is a key process that is highly efficient and cost-effective. This method majorly uses the adsorption process/mechanism for toxicant removal from wastewater. This review elaborates the major agricultural and non-agricultural materials-based sorbents that have been used with their possible mechanisms of pollutant removal. Moreover, this creates a better understanding of how the efficacy of these sorbents can be enhanced by modification or treatments with other substances. This review also explains the re-usability and mechanisms of the used adsorbents and/or their disposal in a safe and environmentally friendly way, along with highlighting the major research gaps and potential future research directions. Additionally, the cost benefit ratio of adsorbents is elucidated.

Current and Emerging Adsorbent Technologies for Wastewater Treatment: Trends, Limitations, and Environmental Implications

Cancer is one of the main causes of death worldwide. To date, and despite the advances in conventional treatment options, therapy in cancer is still far from optimal due to the non-specific systemic biodistribution of antitumor agents. The inadequate drug concentrations at the tumor site led to an increased incidence of multiple drug resistance and the appearance of many severe undesirable side effects. Nanotechnology, through the development of nanoscale-based pharmaceuticals, has emerged to provide new and innovative drugs to overcome these limitations. In this review, we provide an overview of the approved nanomedicine for cancer treatment and the rationale behind their designs and applications. We also highlight the new approaches that are currently under investigation and the perspectives and challenges for nanopharmaceuticals, focusing on the tumor microenvironment and tumor disseminate cells as the most attractive and effective strategies for cancer treatments.

/pdf/nano-based-approved-pharmaceuticals-for-cancer-treatment-3skbytzk.pdf

Nano-Based Approved Pharmaceuticals for Cancer Treatment: Present and Future Challenges

A comprehensive review on the prospects of multi-functional carbon nano onions as an effective, high- performance energy storage material

Health care costs of antibiotic resistance to the community have been astounding over the last decade and require urgent attention. This calls for new alternatives, such as metal oxide nanomaterials, to be considered at a more extended level. Metal oxide nanomaterials have been exerting a pull-on deal with its complete applications in biological and pharmaceutical fields of nanobiotechnology. The present study addresses the synthesis of nanoparticles of the zirconium oxide (ZrO2) by a process that can be quickly, economically and industrially used to combat deadly pathogens. The biological activity of synthesized zirconium oxide nanoparticles against bacterial strains has been studied by using agar well diffusion method. Besides, DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl) and a nitrous oxide-scavenging study, we have also studied the antioxidant ability of ZrO2 nanoparticles along with the anticancer activity. Importantly, our research demonstrated the antimicrobial activity of ZrO2 nanoparticles at different concentrations comparable to standard antibiotics against gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumonia), respectively. We believe that the synthesized ZrO2 nanoparticles demonstrated inhibitive activity against K. pneumoniae by the attraction of negatively charged K. pneumoniae cell wall against positively charged zirconium ions. Our findings suggest that synthesized multifunctional ZrO2 nanoparticles may be a successful candidate in health care systems.

Zirconium oxide (ZrO2) nanoparticles from antibacterial activity to cytotoxicity: A next-generation of multifunctional nanoparticles

Stem cell niche: Dynamic neighbor of stem cells.

Highlights1. Resveratrol is an antioxidant and exhibits numerous potential therapeutic applications. However, it suffers from low water-solubility, degradation, and poor bioavailability. The conventional dosage form of resveratrol shows various limitations, such as prolonged therapy, erratic bioavailability, and absence of effective drug concentrations in tissues.2. Nanocarrier-based delivery systems are being studied extensively to target tissues and cells to improve the therapeutic potential of poorly soluble molecules by enhancing their bioavaila-bility, solubility, and retention time.3. Resveratrol can act as a potential anti-cancer agent and lowers the progression of cancer disease. Abstract Natural polyphenols have a wide variety of biological activities and are taken into account as healthcare materials. Resveratrol is one such natural polyphenol, belonging to a group known as stilbenoids (STBs). Resveratrol (3,5,4′-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) is mainly found in grapes, wine, nuts, and berries. A wide range of biological activities has been demonstrated by resveratrol, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal, and antiaging effects, and many more are still under research. However, as with many other plant-based polyphenol products, resveratrol suffers from low bioavailability once administered in vivo due to its susceptibility to rapid enzyme degradation by the body’s innate immune system before it can exercise its therapeutic influence. Therefore, it is of the utmost importance to ensure the best use of resveratrol by creating a proper resveratrol delivery system. Nanomedicine and nanodelivery systems utilize nanoscale materials as diagnostic tools or to deliver therapeutic agents in a controlled manner to specifically targeted locations. After a brief introduction about polyphenols, this review overviews the physicochemical characteristics of resveratrol, its beneficial effects, and recent advances on novel nanotechnological approaches for its delivery according to the type of nanocarrier utilized. Furthermore, the article summarizes the different potential applications of resveratrol as, for example, a therapeutic and disease-preventing anticancer and antiviral agent.

/pdf/recent-overview-of-resveratrols-beneficial-effects-and-its-1dc9f45z.pdf

Recent Overview of Resveratrol’s Beneficial Effects and Its Nano-Delivery Systems

Nanomedicine is the spin-off of modern medicine and nanotechnology and aims to prevent and treat diseases using nanoscale materials such as biocompatible nanoparticles and nanorobots. Targeted cellular and tissue-specific clinical applications with maximal therapeutic effects and insignificant side effects could be achieved by the pursuit of nanotechnology in medicine and healthcare regimen. The majority of conventional cancer therapies eliminate the cells of the tumor but not the cancer stem cells (CSCs). Conversely, the use of nanotechnology in CSC-based therapies is an emerging field of biomedical sciences. This article summarizes the recent trends and application of nanomedicine especially in CSC therapy along with its limitations.

Nanomedicine in cancer stem cell therapy: from fringe to forefront.

Water is a most crucial and limited resource on the Earth, which has contaminated due to the addition of heavy metals, pathogens, pesticides, and many organic and inorganic substances. Currently, the research has been focused on the sustainable remediation approach for waste reclamation. Therefore, an affordable technology of wastewater treatment could tackle the problem of water. Nanotechnology is an efficient, affordable, effective, and durable method for water treatment. Nanomaterials have several properties such as specific surface area, high reactivity, high degree of functionalization, size-dependent properties, etc., which make them appropriate materials in wastewater treatment. The present chapter comprehensively describes the characteristics of different nanomaterials and their role in the restoration of aquatic ecosystem.

Wastewater Treatment Through Nanotechnology: Role and Prospects

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