An increasing water crisis as well as shortage of farm labor farmers in many Asian regions is forcing a shift from puddled transplanted rice to direct-seeded rice. The weeds, however, are a major constraint to the production of direct-seeded rice. In this perspective, a field study was carried out to evaluate various pre- and post-emergence herbicides and different possible integrated weed management practices in zero-till direct-seeded rice. Weed infestation decreased the rice yield by near about 75%. Co-culture rice with Sesbania followed by (fb) pendimethalin fb 2,4-D effectively reduced the total weed population (65.1%) and biomass (86.7%) at 30 days after sowing (DAS). The lowest total weed dry biomass at 60 DAS was recorded from bispyribac-sodium+azimsulfuron-treated plot and such tank mix application of herbicide performed better against diverse weed flora as compared to a single herbicide. Higher yield and more profit from zero-till direct-seeded rice were obtained with the application of ...

An integrated approach to weed management practices in direct-seeded rice under zero-tilled rice–wheat cropping system

Clodinafop 60 g/ha and metsulfuron methyl 4 g/ha + surfactant 0.02% alone, combinations of clodinafop and metsulfuron + surfactant at the similar and double dose and isoproturon + 2, 4-D were evaluated against complex weed flora in wheat during 2007–08 and 2008–09. Phalaris minor, Avena ludoviciana and Lolium temulentum were the major grassy weeds. Vicia sp., Anagallis arvensis and Lathyrus aphaca were among the broad-leaved weeds found growing in association with wheat crop. All the herbicidal treatments significantly reduced the dry weight of weeds. Tank mixture of clodinafop 60 g/ha + metsulfuron 4 g/ha and clodinafop 120 g/ha + metsulfuron 8 g/ha with and without 0.2% surfactant provided excellent control of weeds and produced significantly higher grain yield of wheat. Weeds caused 55.7% reduction in wheat grain yield.

Bio-efficacy of clodinafop-propargyl + metsulfuron methyl against complex weed flora in wheat

Maize (Zea mays L), being a C4 plant, is one of the most vibrant food grain crops under diverse edaphological conditions. In India, maize-wheat is by and large a predominant cropping system that is followed on a large scale, particularly in central and northern part of the country. The low productivity of maize in India, as compared to major maize growing countries of the world, can be attributed to several limiting factors, of which poor weed management poses a major threat to crop productivity. The most important weeds that can be associated with maize/maize-based cropping systems in the country are Echinochloa colonum, Brachiaria ramosa, Digitaria sanguinalis, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Eleusine indica, Setaria glauca, Sorghum halepense, Panicum spp. Cynodon dactylon, Digitaria setigera, Digitaria ciliaris, and Leptochloa chinensis among grasses; Ageratum conyzoides, Galinsoga parvif]ora, CommeIina benghalensis, Undernia cilata, Polygonum hydropiper, Euphorbia geniculata, Oxalis latifolia, Celosia argentea, Cleome viscose, Sida acuta, Aschynomene indica, Acanthospermum hispidum, Portulaca oleracea, Phyllanthus niruri, Amaranthus viridis, Acalypha indica, Tridax procumbens, Ipomoea pestigridis, Parthenium hysterophorus and Euphorbia hirta among non-grassy weeds and Cyperus rotundus and Cyperus iria among sedges. In the rainy season, it was reported thet the emergence of maize and weeds was simultaneous and the first 20–60 days was the most critical period of competition for the crop. However, in winter maize the period beyond 30 days and up to 45 days after sowing was detrimental to maize growth. In India, presence of weeds reduce the maize yields by 27–60%, depending upon the growth and persistence of weed population. The agronomic manipulations, viz. tillage and inter-cultivation, intercropping, mulching, cover crops, crop rotation, higher seed rate or plant populations, planting at closer spacing, nutrient management, planting methods, and other agro-techniques are used for weed management in maize/maize-based cropping systems. However, herbicides play a key role providing an option of economical weed management.

Weed management in maize-based cropping system

A field experiment entitled “Effect of weed control and sulphur on productivity of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]” was conducted during kharif seasons of 2011 and 2012 at Instructional Farm (Agronomy), Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur. The study involved twenty eight treatment combinations, comprising seven weed control treatments (weedy check, preemergence application of pendimethalin at 1000 g ha, post-emergence application of quizalofop-ethyl at 50 g ha and imazethapyr at 100 g ha at 15 day after sowing alone and followed by hoeing & weeding at 30 DAS) and four levels of sulphur (control, 20, 40 and 60 kg ha). The experiment was laid out in split plot design, assigning weed management to main plots and sulphur to sub plots. The treatments were replicated thrice. Compared to weedy check, all the weed control treatments reduced total weed count and dry matter at 25 and 50 DAS and at harvest during both the years. However, preemergence application of pendimethalin at 25 DAS while pendimethalin followed by hoeing & weeding at 30 DAS was significantly superior in reducing total weed count and dry matter at 50 DAS and harvest over rest of the treatments. Pendimethalin fb hoeing & weeding was significantly superior in reducing N, P, K and S uptake by weeds at harvest and also accounted for highest weed control efficiency at 50 DAS and harvest (90.19 and 88.39 per cent, respectively), closely followed by imazethapyr and quizalofop-ethyl fb hoeing & weeding. All weed control treatments significantly enhanced seed, straw and biological yields of soybean over weedy check. Pendimethalin PE fb by hoeing & weeding gave maximum branches plant, pods length, pods plant and 1000-seed weight followed by imazethapyr and quizalofop-ethyl POE fb hoeing & weeding. Consequently, pendimethalin fb hoeing & weeding produced significantly higher seed (2168 kg ha), straw (3167 kg ha) and biological (5335 kg ha) yields compared to other treatments except imazethapyr and quizalofop-ethyl fb hoeing & weeding. Application of pendimethalin, imazethapyr and quizalofop-ethyl fb hoeing & weeding resulted in 170.0, 148.7 and 127.5 per cent increase in seed yield over weedy check, respectively. All the weed control treatments gave significantly higher 1 Research Scholar, Department of Agronomy, RCA, MPUAT, Udaipur. ** Professor, Department of Agronomy, RCA, MPUAT, Udaipur. the N, P, K and S uptake by soybean seed and straw by applying pendimethalin fb hoeing & weeding over rest of the treatment and weedy check. Sulphur rates had no significant effect on weed count, dry matter and weed control efficiency. Application of 20 kg S ha resulted in significantly higher in N, K and S uptake by weeds whereas P uptake was significantly higher by applying 40 kg S ha. The plant height increased significantly by applying 20 kg S ha while number of branches plant increased significantly by up to 60 kg S ha. Application of 40 kg S ha resulted in significantly higher crop dry matter at 25 and 75 DAS but results were significant only up to 20 kg S ha at 50 DAS and harvest. Significantly higher pod length and pods plant were obtained by applying 40 kg S ha while seeds pod and 1000-seed weight increased significantly up to 60 kg S ha. Significantly higher seed (1892 kg ha), straw (2624 kg ha) and biological (4516 kg ha) yields and harvest index of soybean were obtained by applying 40 kg S ha. Application of 40 kg S ha resulted in significantly highest N and K uptake by crop whereas P and S uptake was significantly higher by applying 60 kg ha. Increasing rate of sulphur application up to 60 kg ha tended to significantly increase protein and oil content of soybean seed. Amongst weed control treatments highest net return of ` 40682 ha was obtained through pendimethalin PE followed by hoeing & weeding at 30 DAS that correspondingly showed higher B: C ratio of 1.77. Amongst S levels, 40 kg S ha registered significantly higher net returns (` 33970 ha) and B: C ratio of 1.56. [kjirokjfu;a=.k o xa/kddklks;kchu[XykbfluesDl1⁄4,y-1⁄2 esfjy]dhmRikndrkijizHkko ds -ds ehuk MkWohusikfy;k 'kks/kdrkZ eq[; lykgdkj vuq{ksi.k jktLFkkudf̀’kegkfo|ky;] mn;iqjesaizf”k{kk.kRediz{ks= ijo’kZ 2011 o 2012 [kjhQ ds nkSjku"[kjirokjfu;a=.k o xU/kddklks;kchu[XykbfluesDl1⁄4,y-1⁄2 esfjy] dh mRikndrkijizHkko"fo’k; ij,d {ks= ijh{k.kvk;ksftrfd;kx;kAv/;;uesavBkbZlmipkjla;kstucus]ftlesalslkr [kjirokjfu;a=.k mipkj 1⁄4[kjirokj ;qDr] isUMhfeFksfyu1000xzkeizfrgsdkQlymxusiwoZfNM+dko] fD;wtkyksQksi&bZFkkby50 xzkeizfrgs-,oa besftFkkik;j100 xzkeizfrgsdkQlymxusds 15fnuijfNM+dkods lkFk 30 fnuij ,d fujkbZxqM+kbZdjukvkSjpkjxa/kdLrj 1⁄400] 20] 40 ,oa 60 fdxzkizfr gs-1⁄2 iz;qDrfd;sx;s A ijh{k.kmipkjksadksfoikfVr [k.MvfHkdYiukesa ] [kjirokjizcU/kudkseq[; [k.MesavkSjxa/kddksmi[k.Mksaesa]rhuiqujkof̀Rr;ksadslkFkizfrikfnrfd;kx;kA [kjirokj ;qDrdh rqyukesa[kjirokjfu;a=.k dh lHkhi}fr;ksa}kjk[kjirokj ;qDrmipkj dh vis{kkdqy[kjirokjfxurh,oa “kq’dinkFkZla;puesacqokbZ ds 25 o 50 fnu ,oadVkbZ ds le; nksukso’kksaesalkFkZd #ilsdehik;hx;hA;}fivU; [kjirokjfu;a=.k i}fr;ksa dh rqyukesaisUMhfeFksfyudkQlycqokbZ mxusiwoZfNM+dko ds 25 fnutcfdisUMhfeFksfyuds lkFkQlycqokbZ ds 30 fnuij ,d fujkbZ&xqM+kbZlsdqy[kjirokjksa dh fxurh ,oa “kq’dinkFkZlap;u 50 fnu ,oaidkovof/k ijdkQh de ik;sx;sAisUMhfeFksfyuds lkFkQlycqokbZls 30 fnuij ,d fujkbZ&xqM+kbZdjuslsQlyidkovof/k ij[kjirokj}kjku=tu] QkWLQksjl] iksVk'k ,oaxU/kdds mnxzg.kesa Hkhdehik;hx;hvkSjlclsvf/kd [kjirokjfu;a=.k n{krk 50 fnu ,oaQlyidkovof/k ij1⁄4de“k: 90-19 o 88-39 izfr”kr1⁄2ds vUnjik;kx;kAblhmipkj ds vykoktks[kjirokjfu;a=.k n{krkdsfygktbesftFkkik;j ,oa fD;wtkyksQksi&bZFkkbyds lkFkQlycqokbZds 30 fnuij ,dfujkbZ&xqM+kbZdjussokysmipkjksa ds lfudVik;kx;kA [kjirokjfu;a=.k dh lHkhi}fr;ksa }kjk [kjirokj ;qDrmipkjdhrqyukesankuk] Hkwlk ,oatSfodmites alkFkZd #ilsof̀} ik;hxbZ AisUMhfeFksfyuds lkFkQlycqokbZ 30 fnuij,d fo|kkokpLifr 'kks/k Nk=] lL; foKkufoHkkx] jktLFkkudf̀"kegkfo|ky;] mn;iqj vkpk;Z] lL; foKkufoHkkx] jktLFkkudf̀"kegkfo|ky;] mn;iqj fujkbZ&xqM+kbZdjuslsvf/kdreizfrikS/kk“kk[kk,sa] Qyh dh yEckbZ] izfrikS/kkQfy;ksa dh la[;k,oa 1000 nkuksa ds otuesavf/kdreof̀} gqbZAbldscknbesftFkkik;j,oa fD;wtkyksQksi&bZFkkbyds lkFkQlycqokbZ ds 30 fnuij ,d fujkbZ&xqM+kbZdjusijrqYkukRed #ils de ik;hx;hA ifj.kkeLo:ibesftFkk;ij ,oafD;wtkyksQksi&bZFkkby ds lkFkQlycqokbZ ds 30 fnuij ,d fujkbZ&xqM+kbZ dh rqyukesaisUMhfeFksfyu ds lkFkQlycqokbZ ds 30 fnuij] ,d fujkbZ&xqM+kbZdjuslschtmit 1⁄42168 fdxzkizfr gs-1⁄2] Hkwlkmit 1⁄43167 fdxzkizfr gs-1⁄2 ,oatSfodmit 1⁄45335 fdxzkizfr gS-1⁄2 esavf/kdreof̀} ntZ dh x;hA [kjirokj ;qDr dh rqyukesaisUMhfeFksfyu] besftFkkik;j ,oa fD;wtkyksQksi&bZFkkbyds lkFkQlycqokbZ ds 30 fnuckn ,d fujkbZ&xqM+kbZdjuslschtmitesadze”k% 170-0] 148-7 ,oa 127-5 izfr”kr dhòf) ik;hx;hAvU; [kjirokjfu;a=.k fof/k;ksa ,oa [kjirokj ;qDr dh rqyukesaisUMhfeFksfyu ds lkFkQlycqokbZ ds lkFkQlycqokbZ ds 30 fnuij ,d fujkbZ&xqM+kbZdjusls u=tu] QkWLQksjl] iksVk'k ,oaxa/kdiks"kdrRomn~xzg.keaslkFkZd :ilsof̀) ik;hxbZA xU/kd dh fofHkUunjksadsvuqiz;ksxls [kjirokj la[;k] “kq’dinkFkZlap;u ,oa [kjirokjfu;a=.k n{krkijdksbZeq[;izHkkoughaiM+kAxU/kdds 20 fdyksizfrgsds vuqiz;ksxls[kjirokjksalsu=tuiksVk'k ,oaxU/kdds mnxzg.kesavf/kdreof̀} ik;hx;htcfdQkWLQksjldkvf/kdremnxzg.k 40 fdxzkxU/kdizfrgsdsvuqiz;ksxdjuslsgqvkA 20 fdxzkxU/kdizfrgsds vuqiz;ksxlsikS/ks dh Å¡pkbZesalkFkZd #ilsof̀} ik;hxbZ tcfdizfrikS/kk “kk[kkvksa dh la[;k esa60 fdxzkxU/kdizfrgsds vuqi;ksxdjuslsvf/kdRreof̀} ntZ dh x;hAifj.kkeLo#i40 fdxzkxU/kdizfrgsdsvuqiz;ksxlscqokbZ ds 25 o 75fnuijQly ds “kq’dHkkjesalkFkZd #ilsof̀} ik;hx;htcfd 20 fdxzkxU/kdizfrgsdsvuqiz;ksxlsQlydhcqokbZ ds 50fnuo idkovof/kijQly ds “kq’dHkkjesaof̀}

Effect of Weed Control and Sulphur on Productivity of Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]

Maize yield and weed concentration have a long history of reciprocal correspondence. The maize crop plant and weed species compete ruinously for nutrients, space, light, and water essential for their progress and advancement. The losses due to weed and methodologies of weed management have been discussed in this review. Reports have estimated around a 37% global loss in total maize production due to weeds. Among the different available weed control methods, chemical methods have become the new common in today’s world. A major upswing in interest in chemical methods of weed control from people all over the world can be deduced from surveys. The monetary forces that are the foremost objectives guiding our choices in crop production practices play a major role in this stimulation of increasing interest. These changes are not in the least befitting for the long term, as the overexploitation of the herbicides has an adverse effect on the environment and causes dismissal of the productivity of the soil, although being market-driven and favorable in the beginning. Since none of the single approach methods can work well enough on maize crops, integrated weed management and biological methodologies are recommended through several reports. In contrast to various weed management strategies, a significant gain in the academic attention of biological control methods can be reckoned from reports over the past few years. Many research projects are also currently underway.

/pdf/different-aspects-of-weed-management-in-maize-zea-mays-l-a-6ska4hy2.pdf

Different Aspects of Weed Management in Maize (Zea mays L.): A Brief Review

A field experiment was conducted with fourteen treatments (oxadiarzyl 0.180 kg/ha, pendimethalin 1.50 kg/ha, trifluralin 1.50 kg/ha and isoproturon 1.25 kg/ha alone and at half rate with hand weeding (HW), oxadiarzyl, pendimethalin and trifluralin each at half rate followed by (fb) isoproturon 0.75 kg/ha (post), pendimethalin fb clodinafop each at half rate, hand weeding twice and weedy check) at Palampur during Rabi 2006–2007 and 2007–08. Phalaris minor (28.2%), Avena ludoviciana (25.2%) and Lolium temulentum (19.2%) were the predominant grassy weeds. The broad-leaved weeds (Vicia sativa, Coronopus didymus and Anagallis arvensis) as a whole constituted 26.7% of the total weed flora. Hand weeding twice and pendimethalin fb isoproturon were more effective in reducing the population of P. minor. Pendimethalin + hand weeding and hand weeding twice were effective against A. ludoviciana. Similarly integration of one hand weeding with isoproturon and trifluralin and hand weeding twice effectively taken care of L. temulentum. Pendimethalin + isoproturon and hand weeding twice reduced N and S removal by weeds. Pendimethalin fb isoproturon and trifluralin fb isoproturon resulted in significantly higher yield attributes (silique/plant, seeds/silique, 1000-seed weight), seed yield and seed N per cent of mustard. Trifluralin + HW and pendimethalin fb isoproturon gave higher gross and net returns due to weed control over other treatments. Isoproturon resulted in highest net return per rupee invested on weed control (18.5).

Integrated weed management in mustard

Different doses of bispyribac-sodium 20, 25 and 30 g/ha were evaluated against mixed weed flora in transplanted rice under mid-hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh during 2010 and 2011. Major associated weeds were Echinochloa colona (31.1%) and Commelina benghalensis (7.3%) among grasses, Cyperus iria (26.9%) and Scripus (9.3%) among sedges and Ammania baccifera (8.8%) among broad-leaved weeds. Bispyribac-sodium 20–30 g/ha effectively controlled E. colona. Cyhalofop-butyl/butachlor fb metsulfuron-methyl was comparable to bispyribac-sodium in controlling C. benghalensis. Bispyribac-sodium brought about significant reduction in the count of Cyperus sp. up to 60 days after transplanting (DAT). Bispyribac-sodium 30 g/ha behaving statistically similar with bispyribac-sodium 20 and 25 g/ha resulted in significantly lower total weed count and total weed dry weight. There was no phytotoxicity of bispyribacsodium on rice and no residual toxicity on succeeding crop of wheat. Bispyribac-sodium, farmer's practice, cyhalofop-butyl fb metsulfuron-methyl and cyhalofop-butyl fb 2,4-D were comparable in influencing rice grain yield. Rice grain yield was positively associated with plant height, panicle length, effective tillers and spikelets/panicle and was negatively associated with weed count and weed biomass. With one weed per m2 increase up to harvest, grain yield of rice was expected to decrease by 15.3 kg/ha. Bispyribac-sodium at 30 kg/ha was the best in terms of net returns due to weed management. Cyhalofop-butyl fb metsulfuronmethyl gave the highest net profit/rupee invested. Herbicide efficiency index (HEI) was highest and weed index was lowest under bispyribac-sodium 30 g/ha. Weed management index (WMI) and agronomic management index (AMI) were highest under cyhalofop-butyl fb metsulfuron-methyl.

/pdf/mixed-weed-flora-management-by-bispyribac-sodium-in-r5uiv4x67y.pdf

Mixed weed flora management by bispyribac-sodium in transplanted rice

Ten treatments, viz. clodinafop 60 g/ha, sulfosulfuron 25 g/ha, metribuzin 175 g/ha, pinoxaden 50 g/ha, clodinafop 60 + metribuzin 105 and 122.5 g/ha, sulfosulfuron 25 + metribuzin 105 g/ha, sulfosulfuron 25 + pinoxaden + 40 g/ha, weed free and unweeded check were tested during the Rabi season of 2010-11 and 2011-12 at Palampur. Grassy weeds (Phalaris minor, Avena ludoviciana, Poa annua and Lolium temulentum) constituted 90% of the total weed flora. All the weed control treatments were significantly superior to weedy check in curtailing dry weight of Phalaris, Avena and Vicia sativa. Metribuzin remaining at par with sulfosulfuron effectively reduced the dry weight of Poa annua. Clodinafop alone was least effective against Poa annua. Weed free, clodinafop, pinoxaden, clodinafop + metribuzin resulted in significant reduction in the dry weight of L. temulentum. Clodinafop 60 g/ha + metribuzin 122.5 g/ha, clodinafop 60 g/ha + metribuzin 105 g/ha, pinoxaden 50 g/ha and weed free resulted in significantly higher grain yield of wheat. Weeds reduced grain yield of wheat by 59.3%. Grain yield was negatively associated with weed count and weed biomass and positively associated with plant height, spike length, spikelets/spike and effective tillers. With every 1 g/m 2 increase in weed dry weight, the grain yield of wheat was expected to fall by 41.55 kg/ha. The economic threshold levels (number of weeds/unit area) with weed management practices varied between 2.6-45.4/m 2 . Clodinafop 60 g/ha + metribuzin 122.5 g/ ha resulted in highest weed control efficiency, crop resistance index and efficiency index. It gave lowest weed persistence index and weed index. Clodinafop 60 g/ha + metribuzin 122.5 g/ha resulted in highest net return due to weed control. Metribuzin 175 g/ha resulted in the highest marginal benefit: cost ratio.

Herbicide combinations for broad-spectrum weed control in wheat

Twelve treatments involving tank-mix combinations of atrazine and pendimethalin as pre-emergence followed by (fb) post emergence application of 2,4-D and metsulfuron methyl along with hand weeding twice (20 and 40 DAS) and untreated check were tested in maize during 2009 and 2010 at Palampur. Echinochloa colona, Panicum dichotomiflorum, Cyperus iria, Commelina benghalensis, Ageratum conyzoides, Digitaria sanguinalis and Polygonum alatum were the dominant weeds. Pendimethalin 1.50 kg/ha, atrazine fb atrazine 0.75 kg/ha, atrazine 0.75/1.0 + pendimethalin 0.75/0.50 fb metsulfuron methyl 4 g/ha effectively controlled Echinochloa colona. Atrazine fb atrazine brought about significant reduction in the count of Panicum dichotomiflorum up to 60 DAS. Pendimethalin fb atrazine, atrazine 1.0 + pendimethalin 0.50 fb 2, 4-D 0.75 kg/ha and hand weeding twice effectively reduced the population of Commelina up to 60 DAS. Pendimethalin/atrazine fb atrazine and atrazine + pendimethalin fb 2,4-D/ metsulfuron-methyl controlled Ageratum conyzoides up to 60 DAS. Pendimethalin/atrazine fb atrazine, atrazine + pendimethalin fb metsulfuron-methyl/2, 4-D and pendimethalin significantly reduced total weed dry weight. Atrazine 1.0 + pendimethalin 0.50 kg/ha (post) and atrazine 0.75 + pendimethalin 0.75 kg/ha fb 2, 4-D gave significantly higher grain yield and net returns. Weeds reduced maize grain yield by 50.3%.

Management of hardy weeds in maize under mid-hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh

A field experiment was conducted during 2010–11 and 2011–12 to evaluate the efficacy of pinoxaden alone and in combination with other herbicides against complex weed flora in wheat. Pinoxaden 50 g/ha alone and as tank mixture with and before metsulfuron-methyl 4 g/ha, carfentrazone-ethyl 20 g/ha and 2,4-D 500 g/ha was compared to isoproturon + 2,4-D, clodinafop fb 2,4-D, weed free and weedy check for weed control and grain yield. Phalaris minor and Anagallis arvensis were the major weeds constituting 59.1 and 20.8% of the total weed population during 2010–11 and 67.6 and 16.9% during 2011–12, respectively. Avena ludovician, Lolium temulentum, Poa annua and Vicia sativa were the other important weeds found in association with wheat. Weeds reduced grain yield of wheat by 39.5%. Pinoxaden + metsulfuron-methyl (50 + 4 g/ha) and pinoxaden fb metsulfuron-methyl (50 fb 4 g/ha) were comparable to weed free treatment in reducing the density of Phalaris minor and Anagallis arvensis. Pinoxaden alone was not effective against broad-leaved weeds, while carfentrazone, metsulfuron-methyl and 2,4-D were not effective against grasses. Combined application of pinoxaden with metsulfuron-methyl/carfentrazone (as tank mixed or as followed by) resulted in significantly lower total weed density and weed biomass. Combined application of pinoxaden with metsulfuron-methyl, carfentrazone and 2,4-D resulted in significantly higher tillers, grains/spike and 1000-seed weight and grain yield as comparable to in weed free.

Combination of pinoxaden with other herbicides against complex weed flora in wheat

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