Experimental Investigation on Cleaner process of Enhanced Fat-Oil Extraction from Alkaline Leather Fleshing Waste

The study aims at reusing and recycling the protein hide waste from the leather industry in ecological conditions by elaborating an innovative procedure in order to obtain a collagen matrix functionalized with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) nutrients to be used for preparing smart fertilizers. This is an interdisciplinary approach, as it starts from hide waste raw material as a critical industrial waste, which is then subjected to several technological steps by selection of optimal processing parameters, followed by product fabrication at the laboratory, and next scales to the industrial pilot plant to obtain novel agro-hydrogels. In this context, the technology scheme for collagen hydrolysate with encapsulated nutrients was proposed and the process parameters were optimized by functionalization of agro-hydrogels with various natural and synthetic polymers, such as polyacrylamide, poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate-co-glycidyl methacrylate) copolymer, starch or dolomite. Based on the laboratory experiments, a pilot plant was constructed and tested. Taking as reference the collagen hydrolysate with encapsulated nutrients, the new fertilizers were adequately characterized by chemical analysis, determination of biodegradability and the degree of release of oxidable compounds in water. Based on the biodegradation mechanism and kinetic analysis of oxidable compounds release, adequate arguments are evidenced to demonstrate that these fertilizers can be applied for amendment of poor agricultural soils.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/13/19/4396/pdf

Collagen-Based Hydrogels Composites from Hide Waste to Produce Smart Fertilizers

Biodegradation of keratin by Trichosporum loubieri RC-S6 isolated from tannery/leather waste

Three alkaline protease-producing strains designated as ANFLR1, NPLR1, and PROLR15 were isolated from Labeo rohita fish gut. These strains are able to produce alkaline protease using tannery fleshing (TF) as the sole carbon and nitrogen source and were identified as Bacillus megaterium, Serratia marcescens, and novel Pontibacter sps. Proteases from these organisms were purified to electrophoretic homogeneity following ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion exchange, and column chromatography. SDS-PAGE revealed molecular weights of the proteases to be 46 kDa (ANFLR1), 52 kDa (NPLR1), and 58 kDa (PROLR15). The optimum pH and temperature for the protease activity of ANFLR1, NPLR1, and PROLR15 were found to be 10.5, 11.5, 9, and 70°C, 60°C, and 50°C, respectively. The maximum protease activities at the optimum conditions were 420 U/mL (ANFLR1), 550 U/mL (NPLR1), and 530 U/mL (PROLR15). Inhibition of the NPLR1 protease by pepstatin confirmed aspartate-type enzymatic activity. Fe3+ enhanced the activity of PROLR15 protease. Unlike all other microbial proteases known so far, the PROLR15 enzyme did not require Ca2+ for activity and thermal stability. SDS-PAGE and scanning electron microscopy analyses confirmed the conversion of high molecular weight substrate (TF) to low molecular weight peptides by these proteases. The alkaline metalloprotease production by novel Pontibacter sps. and aspartate protease production by S. marcescens remain unexplored. Hence, TF with its relatively abundant availability can be beneficially utilized for alkaline protease production through the fish gut microbial fermentation processes.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/elsc.201100097

Production of different proteases from fish gut microflora utilizing tannery fleshing

Management of solid waste is an issue of contemporary interest worldwide. Nowadays most of the solid wastes are disposed on the land, and various anthropogenic sources like leather industry, poultry industry (feather), and other food processing industries generate a lot of biodegradable proteinaceous waste. Microorganisms have the ability to produce alkaline protease like bacteria, fungi, algae, plant and animal. This review suggests that various microorganisms are involved in the degradation of household and industrial waste by producing alkaline protease and degradation by this process not only solves the problem of waste management but also generates a source of animal feed as it yields proteinaceous by-product after degradation. Microbial sources of alkaline proteases are preferred over plant and animal sources since they have almost all characteristics which are prerequisite for biotechnological applications, like their high activity at alkaline pH (pH 10), thermostability and broad substrate specificity. Alkaline proteases are extracellular enzyme of metabolic process. This review mainly focuses on the utility of alkaline protease in management of solid waste and in detergent formulation. This review also focuses on the method to improve the capability of microorganism to increase the yield of alkaline protease.

Alkaline Protease: A Tool to Manage Solid Waste and Its Utility in Detergent Industry

Biodegradation of Leather Waste by Enzymatic Treatment

Fluoride is abundant in the environment and toxic to all living organisms above a certain threshold. Fluoride exposure causes physiological, molecular, and biochemical changes in plants. The current study was initiated to determine the response of plants grown under fluoride stress administered as a soil drench. During the growth season of October 2019 to December 2019, the Lactuca sativa L. was experimented. Sodium fluoride (NaF) concentrations of 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 ppm were applied to plants twice a week as soil drench to create stressed conditions. With increasing NaF concentration, there was a gradual reduction in morphological, biomass, and yield attributes and at the highest concentration i.e 300ppm, the growth was least. By observing the negative effects of NaF on plants, the current pot experiment concludes that Lettuce is sensitive to NaF stress. Future researchers may direct their studies to alleviate NaF stress by understanding the biochemical changes occurring in the plant during stress conditions.

Growth and yield responses of lactuca sativa l. to different concentration of sodium fluoride

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Biodegradation of Leather Waste by Enzymatic Treatment

Growth and yield responses of lactuca sativa l. to different concentration of sodium fluoride