The Bustling Universe Radio Survey Telescope in Taiwan (BURSTT) employs the Xilinx ZCU216 radio-frequency system on a chip (RFSoC) field-programmable gate array (FPGA) board as its digital backend. In this study, we used a firmware library available on an online community (called Collaboration for Astronomy Signal Processing and Electronics Research) for hardware implementation. The FPGA board used in the BURSTT accommodates 16-channel analog-to-digital inputs, samples data at 1600 MHz, and has a bandwidth of 800 MHz. Each of the 16 signal inputs is processed independently through a polyphase filter bank followed by the fast Fourier transform. After frequency-domain data processing, the data from all 16 channels are aggregated and sent to a computer server through a 100-Gbps Ethernet for cross-correlation and beamforming calculations. Phase alignment, which is key to the success of radio telescopes, was verified through cross-correlation tests for the same device and between different devices. Phase closure was successfully achieved for three inputs in two devices, which indicated system readiness. An optimal power input level, which is crucial for achieving optimal system performance, was identified. The successful acquisition of spectra from 16 onsite inputs confirmed the applicability of the RFSoC chip in phased systems with a single device or multiple devices.

Using a Radio-Frequency System on a Chip in the Development of a Phased Radio Array for the Bustling Universe Radio Survey Telescope in Taiwan

We constructed a beamformer in a Xilinx radio frequency system-on-chip (RFSoC) field-programmable gate array ZCU216 board with a channelizer for the Bustling Universe Radio Survey Telescope in Taiwan. We utilized the RFSoC board to substantially reduce the processing power required to form beams, thereby reducing the required number of CPU cores or corresponding accelerator electronics. The RFSoC unit accommodates 16 analog-to-digital channel inputs, sampling data at 1600 MHz at a bandwidth of 800 MHz. Sixteen signal inputs are processed independently with a polyphase filter bank and fast Fourier transform. After frequency domain data were obtained, a 16 × 16 weight factor matrix was used to perform the initial round of beam forming. Once 16 beams were generated, we combined the data for all 16 channels, then packetized the data and sent them to a server through a 100 Gbps Ethernet connection for a second round of beamforming. This study demonstrated that the RFSoC chip can be used in radio astronomy to create a phased system and beamformer.

A Real-Time Beamformer on a Radio Frequency System-on-Chip for Bustling Universe Radio Survey Telescope in Taiwan

The Advanced L band Phased Array Camera for Arecibo (ALPACA) will rely on RF-over-fiber signal transport and hybrid FPGA/GPU signal processing hardware for calibration, beamforming, and imaging. We report on signal transport system development, phase and gain stability requirements, and array signal processing algorithm development.

Signal Transport and Digital Signal Processing for the ALPACA L band Array Feed

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Signal Transport and Digital Signal Processing for the ALPACA L band Array Feed