Trust and reputation systems represent a significant trend in decision support for Internet mediated service provision. The basic idea is to let parties rate each other, for example after the completion of a transaction, and use the aggregated ratings about a given party to derive a trust or reputation score, which can assist other parties in deciding whether or not to transact with that party in the future. A natural side effect is that it also provides an incentive for good behaviour, and therefore tends to have a positive effect on market quality. Reputation systems can be called collaborative sanctioning systems to reflect their collaborative nature, and are related to collaborative filtering systems. Reputation systems are already being used in successful commercial online applications. There is also a rapidly growing literature around trust and reputation systems, but unfortunately this activity is not very coherent. The purpose of this article is to give an overview of existing and proposed systems that can be used to derive measures of trust and reputation for Internet transactions, to analyse the current trends and developments in this area, and to propose a research agenda for trust and reputation systems.

/pdf/a-survey-of-trust-and-reputation-systems-for-online-service-2vd0g0048y.pdf

A survey of trust and reputation systems for online service provision

Autonomic communications seek to improve the ability of network and services to cope with unpredicted change, including changes in topology, load, task, the physical and logical characteristics of the networks that can be accessed, and so forth. Broad-ranging autonomic solutions require designers to account for a range of end-to-end issues affecting programming models, network and contextual modeling and reasoning, decentralised algorithms, trust acquisition and maintenance---issues whose solutions may draw on approaches and results from a surprisingly broad range of disciplines. We survey the current state of autonomic communications research and identify significant emerging trends and techniques.

A survey of autonomic communications

Choice Under Uncertainty: Problems Solved And Unsolved

This document describes a new architecture that exploits semantic Web technologies for supporting pervasive context-aware systems. This architecture called context broker architecture (CobrA) differs from other architectures in using the Web ontology language OWL for modelling ontologies of context and for supporting context reasoning. Central to our architecture is a broker agent that maintains a shared model of context for all computing entities in the space and enforces the privacy policies defined by the users when sharing their contextual information. We describe the use of CoBrA, its associated ontologies, and its privacy protection mechanism in an intelligent meeting room prototype.

/pdf/semantic-web-in-the-context-broker-architecture-52ntkslvzg.pdf

Semantic Web in the context broker architecture

Interactions between entities unknown to each other are inevitable in the ambient intelligence vision of service access anytime, anywhere. Trust management through a reputation mechanism to facilitate such interactions is recognized as a vital part of mobile ad hoc networks, which features lack of infrastructure, autonomy, mobility and resource scarcity of composing light-weight terminals. However, the design of a reputation mechanism is faced by challenges of how to enforce reputation information sharing and honest recommendation elicitation. In this paper, we present a reputation model, which incorporates two essential dimensions, time and context, along with mechanisms supporting reputation formation, evolution and propagation. By introducing the notion of recommendation reputation, our reputation mechanism shows effectiveness in distinguishing truth-telling and lying agents, obtaining true reputation of an agent, and ensuring reliability against attacks of defame and collusion.

/pdf/enhanced-reputation-mechanism-for-mobile-ad-hoc-networks-55jhbtsdys.pdf

Enhanced Reputation Mechanism for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

In this paper, trust-based recommendations control the exchange of personal information between handheld computers. Combined with explicit risk analysis, this enables unobtrusive information exchange, while limiting access to confidential information. The same model can be applied to a wide range of mobile computing tasks, such as managing personal address books and electronic diaries, to automatically provide an appropriate level of security. Recommendations add structure to the information, by associating categories with data and with each other, with degrees of trust belief and disbelief. Since categories also in turn confer privileges and restrict actions, they are analogous to roles in a Role-Based Access Control system, while principals represent their trust policies in recommendations. Participants first compute their trust in information, by combining their own trust assumptions with others' policies. Recommendations are thus linked together to compute a considered, local trust assessment. Actions are then moderated by a risk assessment, which weighs up costs and benefits, including the cost of the user's time, before deciding whether to allow or forbid the information exchange, or ask for help. By unifying trust assessments and access control, participants can take calculated risks to automatically yet safely share their personal information.

Trust for ubiquitous, transparent collaboration

Trust-based recommendations control the exchange of personal information between handheld computers. Combined with explicit risk analysis, this enables unobtrusive information exchange, while limiting access to confidential information. This is illustrated with applications such as personal address books and electronic diaries. Recommendations associate categories with data and with each other with degrees of trust belief and disbelief. Since categories also in turn confer privileges and restrict actions, they are analogous to roles in a role-based access control system, while principals represent their trust policies in recommendations. Participants first compute their trust in information, by combining their own trust assumptions with others' policies. Actions are then moderated by a risk assessment, which weighs up costs and benefits, including the cost of the user's time, before deciding whether to allow or forbid the information exchange, or ask for help. By unifying trust assessments and access control, participants can take calculated risks to automatically yet safely share their personal information.

/pdf/trust-for-ubiquitous-transparent-collaboration-3py5rrqbsf.pdf

The importance of risk in trust-based systems is well established. This paper presents a novel model of risk and decision-making based on economic theory. Use of the model is illustrated by way of a collaborative spam detection application.

Risk models for trust-based access Control(TBAC)

Global Computing is a vision of a massively networked infrastructure supporting a large population of diverse but cooperating entities. Similar to ubiquitous computing, entities of global computing will operate in environments that are dynamic and unpredictable, requiring them to be capable of dealing with unexpected interactions and previously unknown principals using an unreliable infrastructure. These properties will pose new security challenges that are not adequately addressed by existing security models and mechanisms. Traditionally privileges are statically encoded as security policy, and while role-based access control introduces a layer of abstraction between privilege and identity, roles, privileges and context must still be known in advance of any interaction taking place. Human society has developed the mechanism of trust to overcome initial suspicion and gradually evolve privileges. Trust successfully enables collaboration amongst human agents — a computational model of trust ought to be able to enable the same in computational agents. Existing research in this area has concentrated on developing trust management systems that permit the encoding of, and reasoning about, trust beliefs, but the relationship between these and privilege is still hard coded. These systems also omit any explicit reasoning about risk, and its relationship to privilege, nor do they permit the automated evolution of trust over time. This thesis examines the relationship between trust, risk and privilege in an access control system. An outcome-based approach is taken to risk modelling, using explicit costs and benefits to model the relationship between risk and privilege. This is used to develop a novel model of access control — trustbased access control (TBAC) — firstly for the limited domain of collaboration between Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), and later for more general global computing applications using the SECURE computational trust framework. This general access control model is also used to extend an existing rolebased access control system to explicitly reason about trust and risk. A further refinement is the incorporation of the economic theory of decision-making under

/pdf/using-trust-and-risk-for-access-control-in-global-computing-4ibafujxng.pdf

Using trust and risk for access control in Global Computing

Although there are many potential solutions to spam, it oftenappears that filtering and blocking are the best. Unfortunately these techniques are inadequate, as evidencedby the continuing proliferation of spam. Here we describe a student project thatevolved collaborative filtering, previouslyimplemented using a centralized repository of spam information, intoa distributed, collaborative, peer-to-peer-based spam detection system.

Peer-to-peer collaborative spam detection

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Trust for ubiquitous, transparent collaboration

Trust for ubiquitous, transparent collaboration

Risk models for trust-based access Control(TBAC)

Using trust and risk for access control in Global Computing

Peer-to-peer collaborative spam detection