As Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and Internet of Things (IoTs) applications evolve, the need for robust protocols, capable to guarantee extended lifetime and high throughput, increases. Mobility of devices either in terms of mobile nodes or mobile sinks is a promising solution that can assist, for example, topology control and congestion mitigation. Such factors significantly contribute to the extension of the lifetime and the throughput of wireless ad-hoc networks. In this work we review and classify algorithms that introduce the characteristic of mobility in WSNs. We consider WSNs to be both a subset and a predecessor to IoT, and thus, consider that existing mobility solutions can be adapted for use in IoT. Finally, open problems and future directions are discussed that include wireless power transfer, network fault detection, and real-world/testbed evaluation of algorithms. 

A Survey on Mobility in Wireless Sensor Networks

The sensor nodes in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). inherit low processing, shorter range and low power features with the miniature size to offer wireless transmission. Therefore, in order to fulfil the long-time data sensing need, several Quality of Service (QoS) parameters such as: lesser delay, higher throughput and packet delivery ratio (PDR) with minimum overhead must to be improved. In recent years extensive research efforts have been made to ameliorate these parameters to achieve optimum QoS. However, the rate adaptation and congestion control in WSNs are still least explored areas. The traffic congestion in WSNs is the main reason that results in higher delay and low throughput. In this paper, a new rate aware congestion control (RACC) mechanism has been proposed which defines three levels of congestion based on which the data rate, throughput, overhead and the delay. RACC at the transport layer, improves congestion by source rate regulation at the specific hotspot areas. Further, RACC has been applied to different modulation schemes like: 16 QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation), BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying) and QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) to test the optimum modulation scheme for the proposed approach. The testing is done to ensure the that the data can be sent to the longer distant sensors using appropriate modulation technique suitable for the congestion model (RACC). The simulation outcomes in NS2 tool confirms the improvement of RACC over existing techniques (Delay-aware congestion control protocol (DACC) and Joint energy replenishment and load balancing (J-ERLB)) in WSNs. The overall improvement for RACC over existing techniques follows an improvement percentage 17% for throughput parameter, for packet delivery ratio, it is 8.35%, while for normalized routing overhead it shows 0.56% and for MAC Overhead, average end to end delay, and average remaining energy it shows 0.64%, 2.04% and 59.28% improvement respectively.

Rate aware congestion control mechanism for wireless sensor networks

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), energy efficiency is a significant design challenge that can be resolved by clustering and routing approaches. They are considered as Non-deterministic Polynomial (NP)-hard optimization problems, and the optimal or near-optimal solutions can be determined by using Swarm-Intelligence (SI) based algorithms. With this inspiration, this study focuses on two approaches, viz. the Hybrid Butterfly and Ant Colony optimization algorithm along with Static sink node (HBACS) and HBAC along with Mobile sink node (HBACM), which is a hybridization of Butterfly Optimization (BOA) and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm. BOA determines the optimal cluster head, and ACO performs energy-efficient routing, thereby minimizing the energy consumption and maximizing the network’s lifetime. Furthermore, in this study, mobility of the sink node is used to eliminate the multi-hop communication between cluster heads and sink nodes, hence addressing the hot-spot issue and further extending the network lifetime. The proposed HBACS and HBACM approaches are implemented in the NS2 simulator. The simulation findings reveal that the HBACS shows percentage improvement regarding residual energy by 24.23%, 41.98%, and 66.67%; an improved number of alive nodes by 28.19%, 37.81%, and 53.12%; and improved throughput by 8.11%, 14.29%, and 17.65% over CRWO, ERP, and IHSBEER algorithms respectively. Moreover, the HBACM approach performs better in LDN by 18.76%, 63.66%, and 66.28%; HDN by 8.35%, 56.26%, and 58.15%, and FDN by 7.77%, 52.76%, and 74.29% over HGWSFO, SFO, and GWO based approaches, respectively. 

An energy efficient cluster based hybrid optimization algorithm with static sink and mobile sink node for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are composed of several sensor nodes which are limited in terms of resources for computing, storage, communication bandwidth, and, most importantly of all, energy. One of the major challenges in these networks is congestion, which is triggered by factors such as packet collision, node buffer overflow, transmission channel contention, transmission rate, and many-to-one data transmission from several nodes to the sink node. Congestion affects energy consumption and various parameters of service quality in sensor nodes. Therefore, it is one of the most critical issues in WSNs that requires developing more advanced techniques for its avoidance, diagnosis, and control. In this paper, different methods of congestion control have been investigated; also, a novel taxonomy has been proposed based on combination of concentration of congestion control policies, different algorithms employed, and the effective parameter in detecting and controlling congestion.

A Survey on Congestion Control Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are a major part of the telecommunications sector. WSN is applied in many aspects, including surveillance battlefields, patient medical monitoring, building automation, traffic control, environmental monitoring, and building intrusion monitoring. The WSN is made up of a vast number of sensor nodes, which are interconnected through a network. However, despite the growing usage of applications that rely on WSNs, they continue to suffer from restrictions, such as security issues and limited characteristics due to low memory and calculation power. Security issues lead to a lack of communication between sensors, wasting more energy. The need for efficient solutions has increased, especially with the rise of the Internet of Things, which relies on the effectiveness of WSNs. This review focuses on security issues by reviewing and addressing diverse types of WSN assaults that happened on each layer of the WSN that were published in security issues in the previous 3 years. As a consequence, this paper gives a taxonomy of security threats for each layer and different algorithmic solutions that numerous researchers who seek to counter this attack have explored. This study also presents a framework for constructing an intrusion detection system in the WSN by emphasising the drawbacks of each approach suggested by researchers to defend against specific forms of assault. In order to diminish the impact of this attack, this summary shows which attacks the majority of researchers have dealt with as well as which ones they have not yet addressed in their academic work.

Wireless sensor network security: A recent review based on state-of-the-art works

As Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and Internet of Things (IoTs) applications evolve, the need for robust protocols, capable to guarantee extended lifetime and high throughput, increases. Mobility of devices either in terms of mobile nodes or mobile sinks is a promising solution that can assist, for example, topology control and congestion mitigation. Such factors significantly contribute to the extension of the lifetime and the throughput of wireless ad-hoc networks. In this work we review and classify algorithms that introduce the characteristic of mobility in WSNs. We consider WSNs to be both a subset and a predecessor to IoT, and thus, consider that existing mobility solutions can be adapted for use in IoT. Finally, open problems and future directions are discussed that include wireless power transfer, network fault detection, and real-world/testbed evaluation of algorithms.

A survey on mobility in Wireless Sensor Networks

Congestion control and avoidance in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is a subject that has attracted a lot of research attention in the last decade. Besides rate and resource control, the utilization of mobile nodes has also been suggested as a way to control congestion. In this work, we present a Mobile Congestion Control (MobileCC) algorithm with two variations, to assist existing congestion control algorithms in facing congestion in WSNs. The first variation employs mobile nodes that create locally-significant alternative paths leading to the sink. The second variation employs mobile nodes that create completely individual (disjoint) paths to the sink. Simulation results show that both variations can significantly contribute to the alleviation of congestion in WSNs.

pdf/utilizing-mobile-nodes-for-congestion-control-in-wireless-4c3j7m1oel.pdf

Utilizing Mobile Nodes for Congestion Control in Wireless Sensor Networks

The operation of the Internet of Things (IoT) networks and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is often disrupted by a number of problems, such as path disconnections, network segmentation, node faults, and security attacks. A method that gains momentum in resolving some of those issues is the use of mobile nodes or nodes deployed by mobile robots. The use of mobile elements essentially increases the resources and the capacity of the network. In this work, we present a Node Placement Algorithm with two variations, which utilizes mobile nodes for the creation of alternative paths from source to sink. The first variation employs mobile nodes that create locally-significant alternative paths leading to the sink. The second variation employs mobile nodes that create completely individual (disjoint) paths to the sink. We then extend the local variation of the algorithm by also accounting for the energy levels of the nodes as a contributing factor regarding the creation of alternative paths. We offer both a high-level description of the concept and also detailed algorithmic solutions. The evaluation of the solutions was performed in a case study of resolving congestion in the network. Results have shown that the proposed algorithms can significantly contribute to the alleviation of the problem of congestion in IoT and WSNs and can easily be used for other types of network problems.

/pdf/a-node-placement-algorithm-utilizing-mobile-nodes-in-wsn-and-2442st1a.pdf

A Node Placement Algorithm Utilizing Mobile Nodes in WSN and IoT Networks

The operation of Internet of Things (IoT) networks and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is often disrupted by a number of problems, such as path disconnections, network segmentations, node faults, security attacks, etc. A method that gains momentum in resolving some of those issues is the use of mobile nodes or nodes deployed by mobile robots. The use of mobile elements essentially increases the resources and the capacity of the network. In this work, we propose a scheme that utilizes mobile nodes for the creation of alternative paths from source to sink by also accounting the energy levels of the nodes as a contributing factor regarding the creation of alternative paths. We offer both a high level description of the concept and also a detailed algorithmic solution. The evaluation of the solution was performed in a case study of resolving congestion in the network. Results have shown that the proposed algorithm can significantly contribute to the alleviation of the problem of congestion in IoT and WSNs and can easily be used for other types of network problems.

Energy Efficient Mechanism for Reusing Mobile Nodes in WSN and IoT Networks

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Papers

A survey on mobility in Wireless Sensor Networks

Utilizing Mobile Nodes for Congestion Control in Wireless Sensor Networks

Utilizing Mobile Nodes for Congestion Control in Wireless Sensor Networks

A Node Placement Algorithm Utilizing Mobile Nodes in WSN and IoT Networks

Energy Efficient Mechanism for Reusing Mobile Nodes in WSN and IoT Networks