This review discusses the physical and physicochemical properties of polyaniline (PANI) derivatives. The most important methods for the preparation of functionalized polyanilines are presented. The presence of various substituents in its structure changes the polymer characteristics significantly due to steric and electronic effects of the functional groups. This review describes the relationship between the properties of functionalized polyanilines depending on the nature, number and position of the substituents at the aromatic ring.

/pdf/effect-of-structural-factors-on-the-physicochemical-2k3lsumx43.pdf

Effect of structural factors on the physicochemical properties of functionalized polyanilines

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder which leads to the secretion of a viscous mucus layer on the respiratory epithelium that facilitates colonization by various bacterial pathogens. The problem of drug resistance has been reported for all the species able to colonize the lung of CF patients, so alternative treatments are urgently needed. In this context, a valid approach is to investigate new natural and synthetic molecules for their ability to counteract alternative pathways, such as virulence regulating quorum sensing (QS). In this review we describe the pathogens most commonly associated with CF lung infections: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, species of the Burkholderia cepacia complex and the emerging pathogens Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Haemophilus influenzae and non-tuberculous Mycobacteria. For each bacterium, the QS system(s) and the molecules targeting the different components of this pathway are described. The amount of investigations published in the last five years clearly indicate the interest and the expectations on antivirulence therapy as an alternative to classical antibiotics.

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/20/8/1838/pdf

Quorum Sensing as Antivirulence Target in Cystic Fibrosis Pathogens.

Infections involving orthopaedic surgical implants present unique challenges when compared with infections that do not involve implants. Microorganisms have a high affinity for adhering to foreign materials commonly used in orthopaedics, including cobalt-chromium, titanium, polyethylene, and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cement. When bacteria adhere to these surfaces, they can form a complex structure surrounded by a self-generated extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix formed by multiplex agents of biopolymers consisting of proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and humic substances1-3. The term “biofilm” is commonly used to describe this network of microorganisms, a term popularized by Dr. J. William Costerton et al. in 19784.

Biofilms are formed by a confluence of bacteria commonly encountered in orthopaedic infections. Up to 65% of bacterial infections are caused by biofilm-producing organisms5. Staphylococci, specifically Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ) and Staphylococcus epidermidis ( S. epidermidis ), are the most common biofilm-forming bacteria found in orthopaedics, and, when combined with Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( P. aeruginosa ), they represent nearly 75% of biofilm infections observed in medical devices6. Propionibacterium acnes ( P. acnes ), an organism commonly found in shoulder infections, has also been shown to form biofilm. Biofilms can be composed of a single organism or can be polymicrobial; polymicrobial biofilms are more difficult to eradicate7.

Once bacteria adhere to the surface of implants, they may replicate and may form a complex network of microorganisms that communicate with one another via cell-to-cell signaling that facilitates the participation of bacteria in quorum sensing7. Quorum sensing serves as an elementary endocrine system whereby bacteria sense the local cell population density and regulate gene expression by releasing extracellular molecules to facilitate synchronized changes in the bacteria within the biofilm. These transcriptional changes can occur with the exchange of plasmids between bacteria, which can confer genes …

/pdf/what-s-new-in-musculoskeletal-infection-update-on-biofilms-z2yqbkthac.pdf

What’s New in Musculoskeletal Infection: Update on Biofilms

One-pot method was proposed to chemically synthesize dedoped bromo-substituted polyaniline (Br-PANI). Epoxy resin composite coatings containing 2.0 wt% of dedoped Br-PANIs (EBP) were also prepared. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), organic elemental analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis demonstrated that Br-PANIs with different Br/N molar ratios were successfully synthesized. The anticorrosion and antifouling performances of EBP coatings were characterized by accelerated immersion test, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), XPS, antibacterial test and field test. Results showed that EBP coatings presented excellent protection after 100 days' of immersion in 12.0 wt% NaCl solution at 95 °C. Moreover, EBP coatings had better antibacterial and antifouling performance than pure epoxy coating and dedoped PANI composite coating. In particular, the anticorrosion and antifouling abilities of EBP improved with the increase of the bromine content. The results might give some insights on the preparation of high performance dual-functional coatings.

Antifouling and anticorrosion properties of one-pot synthesized dedoped bromo-substituted polyaniline and its composite coatings

This work is focused on modifying aniline monomers with various characteristics that allows one to study the effect of the substituent on the respective polymer.

/pdf/polymerization-of-new-aniline-derivatives-synthesis-4sok16qc5k.pdf

Polymerization of new aniline derivatives: synthesis, characterization and application as sensors

Functionalized polyanilines disrupt Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus biofilms.

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Functionalized polyanilines disrupt Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus biofilms.