Analysis of accounts in newspapers revealed that, in Norway, victims of asphyxiation treated by mouth-to-mouth inflation were mostly children and young people. The mortality rate was the same whether submersion had occurred in fresh or sea water. Close questioning of 40 successful rescuers showed that 21 had learned the procedure of oral inflation only from printed material or radio and performed well. The other 19, whose training included practice on manikins or conscious persons, performed better in actual emergencies. A correlation was found to exist between the period of artificial ventilation required and the duration of subsequent unconsciousness. Trismus and vomiting were comparatively rare during oral inflation. Occurring more frequently after the return of spontaneous breathing, such episodes did not seriously impair the procedure. Three victims survived after more than 1 hour of artificial breathing.

[mouth-to-mouth resuscitation in norway].

https://ino.sagepub.com/content/6/8/538.full.pdf+html

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OBJECTIVE
The goal of this study was to investigate the adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in youth in a low-income, urban community.


STUDY DESIGN
Data from a retrospective chart review of 701 subjects from the Bayview Child Health Center in San Francisco are presented. Medical chart documentation of ACEs as defined in previous studies were coded and each ACE criterion endorsed by a traumatic event received a score of 1 (range=0-9). This study reports on the prevalence of various ACE categories in this population, as well as the association between ACE score and two pediatric problems: learning/behavior problems and body mass index (BMI)≥85% (i.e., overweight or obese).


RESULTS
The majority of subjects (67.2%, N=471) had experienced 1 or more categories of adverse childhood experiences (ACE≥1) and 12.0% (N=84) had experienced 4 or more ACEs (ACE≥4). Increased ACE scores correlated with increased risk of learning/behavior problems and obesity.


CONCLUSIONS
There was a significant prevalence of endorsed ACE categories in this urban population. Exposure to 4 or greater ACE categories was associated with increased risk for learning/behavior problems, as well as obesity.


PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS
Results from this study demonstrate the need both for screening of ACEs among youth in urban areas and for developing effective primary prevention and intervention models.

The impact of adverse childhood experiences on an urban pediatric population (Author Manuscript)

Background information on, and the objectives of, the NASA Global Biology Research Program are given. The following issues were addressed: (1) geographic distribution of wetland parameters, (2) the processes of wetland material fluxes, and (3) the relation of local fluxes with global processes. Wetland inventorying and categorizing, gas-phase exchanges with the atmosphere, material exchange with the aquatic environment, and material storage in wetland sediments were identified as topics requiring further research.

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Executive Summary: Background