Abstract Cancer remains a significant global public health concern, with increasing incidence and mortality rates worldwide. Oxidative stress, characterized by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within cells, plays a critical role in the development of cancer by affecting genomic stability and signaling pathways within the cellular microenvironment. Elevated levels of ROS disrupt cellular homeostasis and contribute to the loss of normal cellular functions, which are associated with the initiation and progression of various types of cancer. In this review, we have focused on elucidating the downstream signaling pathways that are influenced by oxidative stress and contribute to carcinogenesis. These pathways include p53, Keap1-NRF2, RB1, p21, APC, tumor suppressor genes, and cell type transitions. Dysregulation of these pathways can lead to uncontrolled cell growth, impaired DNA repair mechanisms, and evasion of cell death, all of which are hallmark features of cancer development. Therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting oxidative stress have emerged as a critical area of investigation for molecular biologists. The objective is to limit the response time of various types of cancer, including liver, breast, prostate, ovarian, and lung cancers. By modulating the redox balance and restoring cellular homeostasis, it may be possible to mitigate the damaging effects of oxidative stress and enhance the efficacy of cancer treatments. The development of targeted therapies and interventions that specifically address the impact of oxidative stress on cancer initiation and progression holds great promise in improving patient outcomes. These approaches may include antioxidant-based treatments, redox-modulating agents, and interventions that restore normal cellular function and signaling pathways affected by oxidative stress. In summary, understanding the role of oxidative stress in carcinogenesis and targeting this process through therapeutic interventions are of utmost importance in combating various types of cancer. Further research is needed to unravel the complex mechanisms underlying oxidative stress-related pathways and to develop effective strategies that can be translated into clinical applications for the management and treatment of cancer. 

Interplay of oxidative stress, cellular communication and signaling pathways in cancer

Bacterial keratitis (BK), which accounts for over 50% of the reported cases of microbial keratitis, is a condition that can result in vision loss and blindness if left untreated. Antibiotics are widely adopted as the first-line treatment of BK. However, excessive use of antibiotics has resulted in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and other adverse effects such as corneal opacification. Antibiotics-free approaches are recently explored to avoid further progression of AMR for the treatment of BK. Due to their non-invasiveness, high spatiotemporal accuracy, effective and rapid antibacterial ability, ROS-related antibacterial strategies are attracting growing attention as an antibiotics-free approach for treatment of BK. This review article provides an overview of the design and implementation of ROS-related strategies for the treatment of BK, with a focus on various types of materials including i) metal nanocomposites, ii) semiconductors, iii) carbon-based materials, and iv) photosensitive polymers. The performance of these strategies is evaluated by comparing their antibacterial efficiency, cytotoxicity, and treatment efficacy. Meanwhile, the prospects of ROS-related treatment for BK are discussed considering recent developments in the field. 

Antibiotics-free nanomaterials against bacterial keratitis: Eliminating infections with reactive oxygen species (ROS)

Plasma medicine, or the biomedical application of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP), is an expanding field within plasma research. CAP has demonstrated remarkable versatility in diverse biological applications, including cancer treatment, wound healing, microorganism inactivation, and skin disease therapy. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the effects of CAP remain incompletely understood. The therapeutic effects of CAP are largely attributed to the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), which play a crucial role in the biological responses induced by CAP. Specifically, RONS produced during CAP treatment have the ability to chemically modify cell membranes and membrane proteins, causing nitro-oxidative stress, thereby leading to changes in membrane permeability and disruption of cellular processes. To gain atomic-level insights into these interactions, non-reactive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have emerged as a valuable tool. These simulations facilitate the examination of larger-scale system dynamics, including protein-protein and protein-membrane interactions. In this comprehensive review, we focus on the applications of non-reactive MD simulations in studying the effects of CAP on cellular components and interactions at the atomic level, providing a detailed overview of the potential of CAP in medicine. We also review the results of other MD studies that are not related to plasma medicine but explore the effects of nitro-oxidative stress on cellular components and are therefore important for a broader understanding of the underlying processes.

Effects of Nitro-Oxidative Stress on Biomolecules: Part 1—Non-Reactive Molecular Dynamics Simulations

The detection of foodborne pathogenic bacteria currently relies on their ability to grow on chemically defined liquid and solid media, which is the essence of the classical microbiological approach. Such procedures are time-consuming and the quality of the result is affected by the selectivity of the media employed. Several alternative strategies based on the detection of molecular markers have been proposed. These markers may be cell constituents, may reside on the cell envelope or may be specific metabolites. Each marker provides specific advantages and, at the same time, suffers from specific limitations. The food matrix and chemical composition, as well as the accompanying microbiota, may also severely compromise detection. The aim of the present review article is to present and critically discuss all available information regarding the molecular targets that have been employed as markers for the detection of foodborne pathogens. Their strengths and limitations, as well as the proposed alleviation strategies, are presented, with particular emphasis on their applicability in real food systems and the challenges that are yet to be effectively addressed.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/1/104/pdf?version=1673154899

Molecular Targets for Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria Detection

BACKGROUND/AIMS
Doxorubicin (DOXO) is a potent chemotherapeutic drug that is used in the treatment of a large number of cancers. Despite its important chemotherapeutic characteristics, its usage is limited because of the serious side effects; the most noticeable is cardiotoxicity which can manifest acutely or years after completion of treatment leading to left ventricular dysfunction, dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Nootkatone (NK) is a recognized bioactive compound isolated from the heartwood of Cupressus nootkatensis and has been reported to have antiseptic, antioxidant, and anti-allergic activities.


METHODS
Male C57B6/J mice were used for mice model of DOXO-cardiac toxicity. Mice were given either DOXO or NK or DOXO+NK or vehicle (normal saline) after which the mice again had free access to food and water. Heart and plasma samples were collected 5 days after DOXO administration and were used for immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).


RESULTS
There were significant reduction in inflammatory markers in hearts of DOXO-NK- treated mice when compared with DOXO-treated mice. Moreover, there were significant increase in antioxidant proteins and reduction of oxidative stress in hearts of DOXO-NK-treated mice when compared with DOXO-treated mice. There was a significant reduction in myocardial damage as shown by significant reduction of troponin I in DOXO-NK- treated mice when compared with DOXO-treated mice.


CONCLUSION
Nootkatone improves DOXO-induced myocardial injury through modulation of NF-κB signals and reduction of oxidative stress.

Nootkatone Ameliorates Doxorubicin Induced Myocardial Injury through Modulation of NF-κB Signals and Oxidative Stress.

Oxidative stress-inducing therapies are characterized as a specific treatment that involves the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) by external or internal sources. To protect cells against oxidative stress, cells have evolved a strong antioxidant defense system to either prevent RONS formation or scavenge them. The maintenance of the redox balance ensures signal transduction, development, cell proliferation, regulation of the mechanisms of cell death, among others. Oxidative stress can beneficially be used to treat several diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders, heart disease, cancer, and other diseases by regulating the antioxidant system. Understanding the mechanisms of various endogenous antioxidant systems can increase the therapeutic efficacy of oxidative stress-based therapies, leading to clinical success in medical treatment. This review deals with the recent novel findings of various cellular endogenous antioxidant responses behind oxidative stress, highlighting their implication in various human diseases, such as ulcers, skin pathologies, oncology, and viral infections such as SARS-CoV-2.

/pdf/modulating-the-antioxidant-response-for-better-oxidative-dv1a5fgy.pdf

Modulating the Antioxidant Response for Better Oxidative Stress-Inducing Therapies: How to Take Advantage of Two Sides of the Same Medal?

Cold atmospheric plasma and nanomedicine originally emerged as individual domains, but are increasingly applied in combination with each other. Most research is performed in the context of cancer treatment, with only little focus yet on the possible synergies. Many questions remain on the potential of this promising hybrid technology, particularly regarding regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. In this perspective article, we therefore start from the fundamental mechanisms in the individual technologies, in order to envision possible synergies for wound healing and tissue recovery, as well as research strategies to discover and optimize them. Among these strategies, we demonstrate how cold plasmas and nanomaterials can enhance each other’s strengths and overcome each other’s limitations. The parallels with cancer research, biotechnology and plasma surface modification further serve as inspiration for the envisioned synergies in tissue regeneration. The discovery and optimization of synergies may also be realized based on a profound understanding of the underlying redox- and field-related biological processes. Finally, we emphasize the toxicity concerns in plasma and nanomedicine, which may be partly remediated by their combination, but also partly amplified. A widespread use of standardized protocols and materials is therefore strongly recommended, to ensure both a fast and safe clinical implementation.

/pdf/possible-synergies-of-nanomaterial-assisted-tissue-7p9s0f46.pdf

Possible Synergies of Nanomaterial-Assisted Tissue Regeneration in Plasma Medicine: Mechanisms and Safety Concerns

Food-borne diseases are on the rise, and these will likely continue as a public health concern into the coming decades. Majority of foodborne outbreaks are linked to infections by emerging foodborne pathogens such as Campylobacter, Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli O157:H7. Foodborne pathogen identification becomes crucial in such scenarios to control these pathogens, associated outbreaks, and diseases. Pathogen detection systems have evolved as essential food safety tools to combat microbial threats and experts are striving to develop robust, accurate and ergonomic rapid pathogen-detection kits. Lectin, a ubiquitous biomolecule (sugar binding proteins) present in almost all domains of life is a promising alternative to molecular based methods as a bio-recognition molecule in detection of foodborne pathogens for biosensor applications, owing to its multivalency and spatial organization of ligands. Due to their extensive prevalence, lectin-based biosensors have become the most sought-after bio-recognition molecules in biosensor applications because of increased sensitivity and reduced cost when compared to immune-based biosensors. The current paper discusses the claimed benefits of lectin as a superior bio-recognition molecule, as well as its numerous applications in biosensor creation. Graphical Abstract

Monitoring of Microbial Safety of Foods Using Lectins: A Review

Plant-based drugs have a significant impact on modern therapeutics due to their vast array of pharmacological activities. The integration of herbal plants in the current healthcare system has emerged as a new field of research. It can be used for the identification of novel lead compound candidates for future drug development. Nootkatone is a sesquiterpene derivative and an isolate of grapefruit. Shreds of evidence illustrate that nootkatone targets few molecular mechanisms to exhibit its pharmacological activity and yet needs more exploration to be established. The current review is related to nootkatone, drafted through a literature search using research articles and books from different sources, including Science Direct, Google Scholar, Elsevier, PubMed, and Scopus. It has been reported to possess a wide range of pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective. Although preclinical studies in experimental animal models suggest that nootkatone has therapeutic potential, it is further warranted to evaluate its toxicity and pharmacokinetic parameters before being applied to humans. Hence in the present review, we have summarized the scientific knowledge on nootkatone with a particular emphasis on its pharmacological properties to encourage researchers for further exploration in preclinical and clinical settings.

Biological Activities, Pharmacokinetics and Toxicity of Nootkatone: A Review.

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Modulating the Antioxidant Response for Better Oxidative Stress-Inducing Therapies: How to Take Advantage of Two Sides of the Same Medal?

Possible Synergies of Nanomaterial-Assisted Tissue Regeneration in Plasma Medicine: Mechanisms and Safety Concerns

Monitoring of Microbial Safety of Foods Using Lectins: A Review

Biological Activities, Pharmacokinetics and Toxicity of Nootkatone: A Review.