In the last few decades, attention on new natural antimicrobial compounds has arisen due to a change in consumer preferences and the increase in the number of resistant microorganisms. Macroalgae play a special role in the pursuit of new active molecules as they have been traditionally consumed and are known for their chemical and nutritional composition and their biological properties, including antimicrobial activity. Among the bioactive molecules of algae, proteins and peptides, polysaccharides, polyphenols, polyunsaturated fatty acids and pigments can be highlighted. However, for the complete obtaining and incorporation of these molecules, it is essential to achieve easy, profitable and sustainable recovery of these compounds. For this purpose, novel liquid–liquid and solid–liquid extraction techniques have been studied, such as supercritical, ultrasound, microwave, enzymatic, high pressure, accelerated solvent and intensity pulsed electric fields extraction techniques. Moreover, different applications have been proposed for these compounds, such as preservatives in the food or cosmetic industries, as antibiotics in the pharmaceutical industry, as antibiofilm, antifouling, coating in active packaging, prebiotics or in nanoparticles. This review presents the main antimicrobial potential of macroalgae, their specific bioactive compounds and novel green extraction technologies to efficiently extract them, with emphasis on the antibacterial and antifungal data and their applications.

https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/9/10/642/pdf

Macroalgae as a Source of Valuable Antimicrobial Compounds: Extraction and Applications.

Marine macroalgae produce a wide variety of biologically-active metabolites that have been developed into commercial products, such as antibiotics, immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic agents, and cosmetic products. Many marine algae remain clean over longer periods of time, suggesting their strong antifouling potential. Isolation of biogenic compounds and the determination of their structure could provide leads for the development of environmentally-friendly antifouling paints. Isolated substances with potent antifouling activity belong to fatty acids, lipopeptides, amides, alkaloids, lactones, steroids, terpenoids, and pyrroles. It is unclear as yet to what extent symbiotic microorganisms are involved in the synthesis of these compounds. Algal secondary metabolites have the potential to be produced commercially using genetic and metabolic engineering techniques. This review provides an overview of publications from 2010 to February 2017 about antifouling activity of green, brown, and red algae. Some researchers were focusing on antifouling compounds of brown macroalgae, while metabolites of green algae received less attention. Several studies tested antifouling activity against bacteria, microalgae and invertebrates, but in only a few studies was the quorum sensing inhibitory activity of marine macroalgae tested. Rarely, antifouling compounds from macroalgae were isolated and tested in an ecologically-relevant way.

https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/15/9/265/pdf

Antifouling Compounds from Marine Macroalgae.

Phlorofucofuroeckol A from Ecklonia cava ameliorates TGF-β1-induced fibrotic response of human tracheal fibroblasts via the downregulation of MAPKs and SMAD 2/3 pathways inactivated TGF-β receptor

Epiphytic macroalgae and hosts of the marine shelf of Cuba: Current status, composition and diversity

Biofouling is an ancient undesirable phenomenon that takes place in several disciplines. Biofouling refers to the harmful effects which result from the microbial, algal and invertebrate colonization of man-made surfaces. Biofouling is classified into two main categories including; microbial and macrobial biofouling. Both exert deteriorating impact on environmental, health, industrial and safety disciplines. Biocides are usually employed to combat and treat the devastating effects which result from biofouling occurrence. Biocides are divided into oxidizing and non-oxidizing biocides. Nonetheless, due to the high toxicity of such chemically synthesized biocides, new and eco-friendly formulations were explored by several researchers. Biomimetic inspired anti-foulants have been under study. Different compounds have been extracted from plant biomaterials, micro- and macro-algae, seaweeds, microorganisms and bacteriophages. Such compounds proved to display anti-biofouling effect. This chapter highlights the different fields that might be susceptible to biofouling including; marine, oil and gas industrial sectors. This chapter explores the deleterious consequences of biofouling. Moreover, biofouling types are investigated in details, factors which affect the phenomenon of biofouling as well as the common analytical techniques that are employed for the assessment of microbial corrosion. This chapter also emphasizes the-state-of the-art of the recent investigated trends that are employed to eradicate biofouling.

The Catastrophic Battle of Biofouling in Oil and Gas Facilities: Impacts, History, Involved Microorganisms, Biocides and Polymer Coatings to Combat Biofouling

In general, epiphytes have detrimental effects on the growth of their basiphytes due to competition for light and nutrients. Therefore, basiphyte species must expend energy suppressing epiphytes. Some studies suggest that phlorotannins, i.e. brown algal polyphenols, prevent colonization by epiphytes, whereas others question their allelopathic function because there is not necessarily a negative correlation between epiphyte abundance and the phlorotannin content of the basiphyte algae. Various phlorotannin components are found in brown algal species, thus we hypothesized that the antifouling activities of polyphenolic compounds may differ and that the analysis of phlorotannin profiles could be useful for estimating their ecological functions. We surveyed the epiphyte richness in the apical portions of 373 thalli from 15 sargassacean species, demonstrating that the variation and abundance of epiphyte species differed remarkably among the basiphyte species. However, there was a weak negative correlation betw...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09670262.2016.1159340

Diversity of phlorotannin profiles among sargassasacean species affecting variation and abundance of epiphytes

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Diversity of phlorotannin profiles among sargassasacean species affecting variation and abundance of epiphytes