Hydrogen, one of the most promising energy carriers for the future, is currently produced mainly by natural gas reforming or coal gasification, where mixtures containing H2, CO2 and contaminants li...

Inorganic Membranes for Hydrogen Separation

Metal organic framework (MOF)/polymer composite membranes are of interest for gas separations, as they often have performance that exceeds the neat polymer. However, traditional composite membranes, known as mixed matrix membranes (MMMs), can have complex and time-consuming preparation procedures. The MOF and polymer are traditionally prepared separately and require priming and mixing to ensure uniform distribution of particles and compatibility of the polymer–particle interface. In this study, we reduce the number of steps using an in situ MOF growth strategy. Herein, MMMs are prepared by growing MOF (UiO-66) in situ within a Matrimid polymer matrix while simultaneously curing the matrix. The gas separation performance for MMMs, prepared using this approach, was evaluated for the CO2/N2 separation and compared with MMMs made using the traditional postsynthesis mixing. It was found that MMMs prepared using both the in situ MOF growth strategy and by traditional postsynthesis mixing are equivalent in perfo...

Simple Fabrication Method for Mixed Matrix Membranes with in Situ MOF Growth for Gas Separation

In the field of gas separation and purification, membrane technologies compete with conventional purification processes on the basis of technical, economic and environmental factors. In this context, there is a growing interest in the development of carbon molecular sieve membranes (CMSM) due to their higher permeability and selectivity and higher stability in corrosive and high temperature environments. However, the industrial use of CMSM has been thus far hindered mostly by their relative instability in the presence of water vapor, present in a large number of process streams, as well as by the high cost of polymeric precursors such as polyimide. In this context, cellulosic precursors appear as very promising alternatives, especially targeting the production of CMSM for the separation of O2/N2 and CO2/CH4. For these two gas separations, cellulose-based CMSM have demonstrated performances well above the Robeson upper bound and above the performance of CMSM based on other polymeric precursors. Furthermore, cellulose is an inexpensive bio-renewable feed-stock highly abundant on Earth. This article reviews the major fabrication aspects of cellulose-based CMSM. Additionally, this article suggests a new tool to characterize the membrane performance, the Robeson Index. The Robeson Index, θ, is the ratio between the actual selectivity at the Robeson plot and the corresponding selectivity-for the same permeability-of the Robeson upper bound; the Robeson Index measures how far the actual point is from the upper bound.

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/15/3532/pdf

Cellulose-Based Carbon Molecular Sieve Membranes for Gas Separation: A Review.

High-performance porous carbon-zeolite mixed-matrix membranes for CO2/N2 separation

Carbon molecular sieve (CMS) membranes are novel materials derived from the pyrolysis of the polymeric precursors and have a well-developed ultra-microporous structure that can separate small gas pairs with minor difference in diameter, and thus exhibit higher gas permeability and selectivity than polymeric membranes. However, the gas permeability for traditional pure CMS membranes now cannot satisfy the requirements of commercial applications due to their disordered pore structure and high gas molecular diffusion resistance. Incorporating functional materials into membrane precursors to fabricate hybrid CMS membranes has been regarded as an effective way to tune the disordered pore structure of traditional pure CMS membranes, and thus to greatly improve their gas permeability. Many nanoparticles have been tested as the functional foreign materials to fabricate the hybrid CMS membranes with more developed microporous structure and enhanced gas separation performance. This review discusses the hybridized nanoparticle selection and effect of the species, quantities and particle sizes of the foreign materials on CMS membrane characteristics and performance. The function of the materials incorporated inside the hybrid CMS membranes is also analyzed. It is identified that preparation of hybrid CMS membranes provides a simple and convenient route to efficiently improve the trade-off relationship between permeability and selectivity, and to enable the construction of carbon-based composite materials with novel functionalities in membrane science.

https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0375/8/4/134/pdf

A Review on the Progress in Nanoparticle/C Hybrid CMS Membranes for Gas Separation.

Zeolite/carbon hybrid membranes with enhanced gas permeability were prepared by the incorporation of zeolites Y, β, or ZSM-5 into the precursor of polyamic acid and carbonization at high temperature. The effects of physical and chemical properties of zeolites and the preparation parameters, involving the agglomeration size and crystal diameter of zeolites, content and carbonization temperature, on the related gas separation performances were investigated. Results indicate that embedding the zeolites into carbon membrane can greatly increase the gas permeability of carbon membranes without losing the selectivity obviously. The properties of embedded zeolites and the preparation parameters greatly affect the gas separation performances of derived zeolite/carbon hybrid membranes. The gas permeability and selectivity of derived hybrid carbon membranes can be tuned by optimizing the embedded zeolite properties such as the agglomeration size and crystal diameter, and the preparation parameters such as the zeolite content and carbonization temperature. The effects of incorporating the zeolite into carbon membrane on enhancing the gas permeability might be attributed to the 
intactly ordered inner pore channels of embedded zeolite, which provides rapid and continuous diffusive routes for gas molecules and interfaced pores formed between the embedded zeolite and carbon matrix, which create new channels for gas diffusion in carbon membranes.

The preparation and gas separation properties of zeolite/carbon hybrid membranes

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The preparation and gas separation properties of zeolite/carbon hybrid membranes