Recent advances in the synthesis and modification of carbon-based 2D materials for application in energy conversion and storage

Introduction: As a shining star in material science, graphene oxide (GO) and its derivatives possess potential applications in a variety of areas. Among them, the application of GO to drug delivery...

The application of graphene oxide in drug delivery.

We review the status of protein-based molecular electronics. First we discuss fundamental concepts of electron transfer and transport in and across proteins and proposed mechanisms for these processes. We then describe the immobilization of proteins to solid-state surfaces in both nanoscale and macroscopic approaches, and highlight how different methodologies can alter protein electronic properties. Because immobilizing proteins while retaining biological activity is crucial to the successful development of bioelectronic devices, we discuss this process at length. We briefly discuss computational predictions and their link to experimental results. We then summarize how the biological activity of immobilized proteins is beneficial for bioelectronics devices, and how conductance measurements can shed light on protein properties. Finally, we consider how the research to date could influence the development of future bioelectronics devices.

Protein bioelectronics: a review of what we do and do not know

The high conductive TiO2 nanoneedles film is first employed as a support matrix for immobilizing model enzyme, cytochrome c (cyt c) to facilitate the electron transfer between redox enzymes and electrodes. Reversible and direct electron transfer of cyt c is successfully achieved at the nanostructured TiO2 surface with the redox formal potential (E0′) of 108.0 ± 1.9 mV versus Ag|AgCl and heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant (ks) of 13.8 ± 2.1 s−1. Experimental data indicate that cyt c is stably immobilized onto the TiO2 nanoneedles film and maintains inherent enzymatic activity toward H2O2. On the basis of these results, the cyt c−TiO2 nanocomposits film is capable of sensing H2O2 at a suitable potential, 0.0 V (vs Ag|AgCl), where not only common anodic interferences like ascorbic acid, uric acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid but also a cathodic interference, O2, are effectively avoided. Besides high selectivity, the present biosensor for H2O2 shows broad dynamic range and low detection limit. T...

Detection of extracellular H2O2 released from human liver cancer cells based on TiO2 nanoneedles with enhanced electron transfer of cytochrome c.

Phenol and its derivatives are widespread contaminants whose sources are both natural and industrial. Phenol is massively produced and used as a starting material for synthetic polymers and fibers. Although phenolic compounds play important biochemical and physiological roles in living systems, their accumulation in the environment as a result of intensive human activity may result in drastic ecological problem. Various analytical techniques are available for the detection of phenol in environmental samples. But they need complex sample pre-treatment so as are time consuming, costly and use heavy devices. On the other hand a biosensor is a device that gives rapid detection, cost effective and easy. A review study was carried out to accumulate the possible biosensors for the detection of phenolic compounds in environmental samples. A number of biological components including microorganisms, enzymes, antibodies, antigens, nucleic acids etc. can be used for the construction of biosensors that was found to detect phenolic compounds. Of all type of biological components microorganisms and enzymes are mostly used. The microorganisms are Pseudomonas, Moraxella, Arthrobacter, Rhodococcus, and Trichosporon. The most used enzymes are tyrosinase, peroxidase, laccase, glucose dehydrogenase, cellobiose dehydrogenase etc. Antibody sensors can detect a very trace level. The biorecognition of DNA biosensors occur by hybridization of DNA. Biosensors are found to work well when the biological sensing element is immobilized. A variety of immobilization techniques were found to use as adsorption, covalent binding, entrapment, cross-linking etc. For immobilization the matrices used was polyvinyl alcohol, Osmium complex, nafion/sol–gel silicate, chitosan, silica gel etc.

Recent advances in the development of biosensor for phenol: a review

Electrochemical study of a new methylene blue/silicon oxide nanocomposition mediator and its application for stable biosensor of hydrogen peroxide.

The electron tunneling of the protein−polypeptide interactions was observed in the study of direct electron transfer of the myoglobin (Mb) on the electrode surface. The Mb was selected as a redox active protein and gelatine was selected to couple with Mb to form an electron tunneling. The electrochemical results indicated the presence of the electron tunneling and the direct electron transfer. The circular dichroism spectra suggested that the β-sheet chain of gelatine could interact with α-helical chain to form an electron tunneling to promote the protein direct electrochemistry. The SDS−PAGE results proved that the electron tunneling between Mb and gelatine was noncovalent hydrogen bonds. The immobilized Mb showed a couple of quasi-reversible redox peaks with a formal potential of −0.37V (vs SCE) in 0.1 M pH 7.0 PBS. The modified electrodes displayed a rapid amperometric response to the reduction of oxygen, H2O2, and nitrite.

The direct electron transfer of myoglobin based on the electron tunneling in proteins.

A simple and new reagentless phenolic compound biosensor was constructed with tyrosinase immobilized in the gelatine matrix cross-linked with formaldehyde The morphologies of gelatine and gelatine/tryosinase were characterized by SEM The tyrosinase retains its bioactivity when being immobilized by the gelatine film Phenolic compounds were determined by the direct reduction of biocatalytically liberated quinone at -01 V vs SCE The process parameters for the fabrication of the enzyme electrode were studied Optimization of the experimental parameters has been performed with regard to pH, operating potential, temperature and storage stability This biosensor exhibits a fast amperometric response to phenolic compounds The linear range for catechol, phenol, and p-Cresol determination was from 5×10−8 to 14×10−4 M, 5×10−8 to 71×10−5 M, and 1×10−7 to 36×10−5 M, with a detection limit of 21×10−8 M, 15×10−8 M, and 71×10−8 M, respectively The enzyme electrode retained ca77% of its activity after 7 days of storage at 4°C in a dry state The proposed sensor presented good repeatability, evaluated in terms of relative standard deviation (RSD=86%) for eight different biosensors and was applied for determination in water sample The recovery for the sample was from 990% to 998%

Reagentless biosensor for phenolic compounds based on tyrosinase entrapped within gelatine film.

Direct electrochemistry and electrocatalysis of hemoglobin in gelatine film modified glassy carbon electrode.

A simple and promising H2O2 biosensor has been developed by successful entrapment of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in a gelatine matrix which was cross-linked with formaldehyde. The large microscopic surface area and porous morphology of the gelatine matrix lead to high enzyme loading and the enzyme entrapped in this matrix can retain its bioactivity. This biosensor exhibited a fast amperometric response to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The linear range for H2O2 determination was from 2.5×10 -5 to 2.5×10 -3 M, with a detection limit of 2.0×10 -6 M based on S / N = 3. This biosensor possessed very good reproducibility.

/pdf/a-h2o2-biosensor-based-on-immobilization-of-horseradish-h6y7fu36b9.pdf

A H2O2 Biosensor Based on Immobilization of Horseradish Peroxidase in a Gelatine Network Matrix

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