The antimicrobial activity of graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNs) has recently gained significant attention in numerous biomedical science applications. GBNs exhibit excellent antimicrobial properties and have been adopted as antimicrobial nanomaterials due to their abilities to disrupt the integrity of bacterial cell membrane and produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). This review discussed the various mechanisms of GBNs' antimicrobial effects and factors underlying GBNs' antimicrobial activity, such as microbial cell morphology, GBNs' flake size and concentration, presence of functional groups, exposure to electromagnetic radiation, and effects of electrical conductivity. The potential applications of GBNs in clinical treatment were highlighted in this review to provide an in-depth understanding of the GBNs’ antimicrobial effects in dentistry and provide directions for future studies. These applications included GBNs incorporation with acrylic resin to fabricate dentures, composite resin and cement in restorative treatment, adhesive materials in orthodontic treatment, and implants coating in dental implant treatment.

Mechanism and factors influence of graphene-based nanomaterials antimicrobial activities and application in dentistry

Desirable carbon allotropes such as graphene oxide (GO) have entered the field with several biomedical applications, owing to their exceptional physicochemical and biological features, including extreme strength, found to be 200 times stronger than steel; remarkable light weight; large surface-to-volume ratio; chemical stability; unparalleled thermal and electrical conductivity; and enhanced cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation properties. The presence of functional groups on graphene oxide (GO) enhances further interactions with other molecules. Therefore, recent studies have focused on GO-based materials (GOBMs) rather than graphene. The aim of this research was to highlight the physicochemical and biological properties of GOBMs, especially their significance to biomedical applications. The latest studies of GOBMs in biomedical applications are critically reviewed, and in vitro and preclinical studies are assessed. Furthermore, the challenges likely to be faced and prospective future potential are addressed. GOBMs, a high potential emerging material, will dominate the materials of choice in the repair and development of human organs and medical devices. There is already great interest among academics as well as in pharmaceutical and biomedical industries.

https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/11/5/1083/pdf

Graphene Oxide: Opportunities and Challenges in Biomedicine.

Advanced surface engineering of titanium materials for biomedical applications: From static modification to dynamic responsive regulation.

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The microstructures and mechanical properties of graphene-reinforced titanium matrix composites

Titanium (Ti) has been commonly used as an implant material in dentistry and bone surgery for several decades. Meanwhile, surface modification of titanium can enhance the osseointegration of implants. In this study, a graphene oxide/chitosan/hydroxyapatite (GO/CS/HA) composite coating was fabricated by electrophoretic deposition on Ti substrates. Subsequently, the surface morphology, phase composition, wettability, and bonding strength of this composite coating were researched. Additionally, in vitro cytological examination was performed, including evaluations of cell adhesion, cell viability, cell differentiation, cell mineralization, and osteogenetic factor expression. Finally, the in vivo osteogenetic properties were evaluated through an animal study, including a histological analysis, a microcomputed tomography, and biomechanical tests. The results showed that a homogeneous and crack-free GO/CS/HA composite coating was coated on Ti, and the wettability and bonding strength of the GO/CS/HA composite coating were enhanced compared with HA, GO/HA, and CS/HA coatings. Furthermore, the GO/CS/HA coating greatly heightened the cell-material interactions in vitro. Additionally, this GO/CS/HA-Ti implant could enhance osseointegration in vivo. Consequently, GO/CS/HA-Ti may have potential applications in the field of dental implants. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 635-645, 2019.

The enhancement of osseointegration using a graphene oxide/chitosan/hydroxyapatite composite coating on titanium fabricated by electrophoretic deposition.

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The enhancement of osseointegration using a graphene oxide/chitosan/hydroxyapatite composite coating on titanium fabricated by electrophoretic deposition.