
Abstract. Susanto AH, Dwiati M. 2022. Short Communication: Assessment of cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica (L.) P.Beauv.) genetic variation in Java, Indonesia using atpB-rbcLand trnL-F intergenic spacer. Biodiversitas 23: 2760-2767. Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica(L.) P.Beauv.) is an invasive species commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, consequently threatening global plant biodiversity, and sustainable agriculture. Nevertheless, some of its potential as a medicinal herb, phytoremediation agent, and alternative energy have been reported. genetic variation of cogongrass has been studied in certain areas, however genetic variation in Java, Indonesia has not been reported. Therefore, this study aims to assess the genetic variation of cogongrass in Java, Indonesia using atpB-rbcLand trnL-F intergenic spacer (IGS). Twenty-one plant samples were collected randomly from nine different sites and two pairs of universal primers were employed to amplify the markers. The results showed a much lower genetic difference among subpopulations in comparison to genetic variation within individual subpopulations. This result indicates that the subpopulations have high connectivity, meaning the rapid change in terrestrial ecosystems on the island does not affect the cogongrass population.


Short Communication: Assessment of cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica (L.) P.Beauv.) genetic variation in Java, Indonesia using atpB-rbcL and trnL-F intergenic spacer

Earthworms play an important role in mixing soil particles with biochar grains, as well as creating biostructures, and the application of seaweed extract to soil affects the microbes within, as well as plant growth. This study, therefore, aims to investigate the effect of mixing soil, teak leaf biochar, as well as seaweed extract on the arbuscularmycorrhizal fungal (AMF) spores within the biostructures formed, and analyze the effect of applying these biostructures to planting media soil on the growth and yield of local upland rice. Before the experiment, extract stock from Sargassum sp. was diluted with water into five separate concentration levels, 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%. Subsequently, 20 individual earthworms were released on the soil surface previously mixed with biochar and seaweed extract in a reactor. The planting media used in this study was soil from the cogongrass area with grain sizes below 4 mm, and about 10% (w/w) of the biostructures formed were added to the media in a polybag, then the mixture was transplanted with upland rice seedlings of local variety Sorawolia.According to the results, the treatment containing had the highest total AMF spores. Furthermore, the addition of biostructures significantly affected plant height, leaf number as well as area, and the number of tillers at 42, 42 to 70, and 70 days after application, respectively. Meanwhile, the highest plant dry weight and panicle length were obtained from the treatments containing 80% and 60% extract stock, respectively. However, there was no significant difference in the spikelet number and percentage of filled spikelets between the biostructures. Therefore, the application of both teak leaf biochar and extract of Sargassum sp. was concluded to be able to improve the performance of earthworms (Pheretima sp.) in creating soil biostructures containing AMF spores, for local upland rice development in conditions of poor soil fertility. However, future studies are required to investigate this application’s potential as a source of inoculum for AMF spores or other beneficial microbes, for application at the smallholder farm level.

The Effect of The Application of Soil Biostructures Created Using Biochar and Seaweed Extract on Upland Rice Growth

Seaweed extract is known to contain nutrients and growth-regulating substances that affect soil biota, and a source of protection against pests and diseases. Earthworm, which is an example of a soil biota and playing the role of ecosystem engineer, has the ability to produce suitable land biostructures, for the inhabitation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which has an impact on upland rice growth. Therefore, this study aims to determine, (i) the effect of seaweed extract on the population of earthworms and spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and (ii) the impact of the engineered soil on the growth of local upland rice varieties. Furthermore, the extract of seaweed, such as Kappapychus alvarezii, was divided into five concentration levels, namely 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%. Each treatment was drenched into the soil from the cogongrass vegetated area, mixed with 20 Pheretima sp., and maintained for 49 days in the greenhouse. The result showed that the total difference in the earthworms’ concentration treatments was not significant. It also showed that the total AMF spores in the engineered soil products of 20% concentration was the highest. Based on treatment with the earthworm engineered soil products, the highest and lowest vegetative growth and yield components of upland rice were observed at the concentrations of 80% and 0%, respectively. In conclusion, the application of seaweed extract to the soil did not significantly reduce the earthworm population. The extract concentration of 20% also increased the total AMF spore in the engineered soil. Moreover, highly treated engineered soil products increased the growth and yield components of upland Kambowa rice on cogongrass soils.

https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/951/1/012003

Seaweed extract effect on arbuscular mycorrhizae spore in soil engineered by earthworm, and the soil effect on upland rice growth

Scientific research on mapping the strength of Food-Agriculture focus research BASED on the 2014-2018 Scopus data has been done. The Ministry of Research Technology and (KemenristekDIKTI), especially the Directorate General of Research and Development (RISBANG) has a significant role in improving the quality of higher education. One way to improve higher education quality is through mapping the strengths of research. The advantage of the study that forms the basis of this mapping refers to RPJPN 2005-2025 and RPJMN 2015-2019, which focuses on Food-Agriculture. This study used three steps methodology; (1) Data were obtained from subsequent Scopus data year 2014-2018 from KemenristekDIKTI in scientific publication focus on Food-Agriculture, (2) identifying Scopus data based on sub-focus of Food-Agriculture, (3). Data analysis using frequency distribution, (Determine the range of data, determine the classes, and determine the class interval). The Result Shows that 94.9 % (353) of 372 universities published journal indexed Scopus on range 1-59 journal publications within five years. IPB (Bogor Agricultural Institute) has the most journal publications of Food-Agriculture focus.

The Result of an Analysis to Determine the Highest International Publication based on Food-Agriculture in Indonesia

Cogongrass is one of the top ten problem-causing weeds in the world that is invasively spread over many tropical and subtropical regions, including Java Island, the Republic of Indonesia. The wide distribution is possibly related to their adaptability to almost all terrestrial habitats from various altitudes, which may lead to a high level of genetic variation.  This study aimed to assess the genetic variation and phylogenetic relationship of cogongrass in Java Island using an intergenic spacer (IGS) sequence in the cpDNA genome, i.e. trnT(UGU)-trnL(UAA), as the molecular marker of high mutation rate. Plant samples were collected randomly from five different sites on the island. These were subjected to total genomic DNA extraction. The DNAs obtained were then used as PCR templates to amplify trnT(UGU)-trnL(UAA) IGS using a pair of universal primers. The PCR products were sequenced for genetic analysis. It was shown that an extremely high genetic variation with respect to the haplotype diversity of cogongrass in Java Island was observed. Nevertheless, a very low nucleotide diversity was obtained revealing a considerably close genetic relationship among the samples. Anatomical data regarding stomata number and length were found to correspond to the high level of genetic variation, but it was not the case with the stomata index.

Molecular Profile of Cogongrass [Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch] in Java Island Based on trnT(UGU)-trnL(UAA) IGS Sequences

Effect of Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica L.) root extract on earthworms, arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi spore, and growth of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) for local Kambowa variety

The sustainability of small-scale farming systems on marginal lands is still being a topic of debate in scientific and institutional communities. To address this, a study was conducted to find a method of sustaining the productivity of marginal lands for food crop production. Agricultural practices (fallow and traditional cultivation) used by the local small-scale farmers in managing soil fertility to meet the natural biological processes above and below the ground were studied in Muna Island Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Participatory approach was used to gather data and information on soil and land as well as to collect soil macrofauna. The results showed that the practices of local small-scale farmers are based on local soil and land suitability. Organic materials are the source of nutrient inputs to sustain the productivity of their lands by fallowing, burning natural vegetation, putting back the crop residues, doing minimum tillage and mix- and inter-crops. In conclusion, the sustainability of local small-scale farming systems will be established by knowing and understanding local soil and land classification systems and preferred crops being planted. Following the nature of fallow and monitoring soil macrofauna diversity and abundance, all preferred crops should be planted during rainy season with different time of harvest until the next rainy season. Therefore, soils are still covered with crops during dry season. It was suggested that planting time should be done in the rainy season. Doing more researches in other locations with different socio-cultural, economical, and ecological conditions is suggested to validate and refine the method.

Local soil fertility management on small-scale farming systems for sustainable agriculture

Potential of agricultural waste as organic fertilizer in realizing national food security

Earthworm density as an indication of soil function for crop production and keeping environment clean

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